A novel technique for the treatment of post operative retro-rectal haematoma: two case reports

Rectal bleeding following any form of rectal surgery is a well recognised complication 1, 2, 3 & 4. However retro-rectal bleeding and tracking which then presents as rectal bleeding has not been reported in the literature. We describe a novel way of dealing with this technically difficult post-operative complication

Acceptability And Performance Of The Levonorgestrel-releasing Intrauterine System (mirena) In Campinas, Brazil.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the acceptability of the LNG-IUS Mirena(R), when offered as an additional option in a free choice context, and to evaluate the possibility of using this method in women with increased bleeding wanting an IUD and in copper IUD users requesting removal of the device for bleeding problems. A total of 256 women chose Mirena and were accepted into the study during the enrollment period. This represents 23.3% of all new acceptors of contraceptive methods in the clinic during the same period. Discontinuations were fairly evenly distributed among expulsion, bleeding changes, pain, and personal reasons. Bleeding changes were decreased bleeding, oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea. Comparing the performance in the group of women who chose the LNG-IUS as a first option with those having heavy bleeding, the only difference found was a higher expulsion rate in the group with bleeding problems. No pregnancies occurred and continuation rate was slightly over 75% in the total sample and in both groups. The characteristics of the LNG-IUS (Mirena) allow predicting that this method can effectively contribute to the increase in contraceptive options when introduced to family planning programs in Brazil.6259-6

Estimation of the spatially distributed surface energy budget for AgriSAR 2006, part I: remote sensing model intercomparison

A number of energy balance models of variable complexity that use remotely sensed boundary conditions for producing spatially distributed maps of surface fluxes have been proposed. Validation typically involves comparing model output to flux tower observations at a handful of sites, and hence there is no way of evaluating the reliability of model output for the remaining pixels comprising a scene. To assess the uncertainty in flux estimation over a remote sensing scene requires one to conduct pixel-by-pixel comparisons of the output. The objective of this paper is to assess whether the simplifications made in a simple model lead to erroneous predictions or deviations from a more complex model and under which circumstances these deviations most likely occur. Two models, the S-SEBI and TSEB algorithms, which have potential for operationally monitoring ET with satellite data are described and a spatial inter-comparison is made. Comparisons of the spatially distributed flux maps from the two models are made using remotely sensed imagery collected over an agricultural test site in Northern Germany. With respect to model output for radiative and conductive fluxes no major differences are noted. Results for turbulent flux exchange demonstrate that under relatively dry conditions and over tall crops model output differs significantly. The overall conclusion is that under unstressed conditions and over homogeneous landcover a simple index model is adequate for determining the spatially distributed energy budget

Rapport sur les indicateurs de performance, la boîte à outils d'aide à la décision et les résultats des simulations de base

WETwin is a research project supported by the European Commission under the Seventh Framework Program. Its overall objective is to enhance the role of wetlands in basin-scale Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), with the aim of improving the community service functions while conserving good ecological status. This report presents the evaluation criteria used in 6 case study sites of WETwin to assess wetland management responses proposed by stakeholders and experts to address identified management problems. It also gives an overview of available assessment tools used for this purpose (quantitative modelling, qualitative tool or expert judgement). Evaluation criteria are classified according to the four dimensions of sustainable wetland management (hydrology, environment/ecology, livelihood and policy)

Sensitivity of Edge Detection Methods for Quantifying Cell Migration Assays

Quantitative imaging methods to analyze cell migration assays are not standardized. Here we present a suite of two-dimensional barrier assays describing the collective spreading of an initially-confined population of 3T3 fibroblast cells. To quantify the motility rate we apply two different automatic image detection methods to locate the position of the leading edge of the spreading population after [Image: see text], [Image: see text] and [Image: see text] hours. These results are compared with a manual edge detection method where we systematically vary the detection threshold. Our results indicate that the observed spreading rates are very sensitive to the choice of image analysis tools and we show that a standard measure of cell migration can vary by as much as 25% for the same experimental images depending on the details of the image analysis tools. Our results imply that it is very difficult, if not impossible, to meaningfully compare previously published measures of cell migration since previous results have been obtained using different image analysis techniques and the details of these techniques are not always reported. Using a mathematical model, we provide a physical interpretation of our edge detection results. The physical interpretation is important since edge detection algorithms alone do not specify any physical measure, or physical definition, of the leading edge of the spreading population. Our modeling indicates that variations in the image threshold parameter correspond to a consistent variation in the local cell density. This means that varying the threshold parameter is equivalent to varying the location of the leading edge in the range of approximately 1–5% of the maximum cell density