3,499 research outputs found
Field efficacy of new compounds to replace copper for scab control in organic apple production
Efficacy of compounds was investigated in field experiments in Denmark and the Netherlands according to EPPO guidelines. Some Yucca extracts and potassium bicarbonate had an efficacy similar to sulphur on leaves. Addition of sulphur to Yucca 1 and to potassium bicarbonate increased the level of efficacy to that of copper. This confirms results from earlier years. Although a dose increase resulted in better efficacy, this was more prominent for Yucca1 than for potassium bicarbonate
Calcium hydroxide against apple canker (Nectria galligena)
Anwendung von 3x 50 kg/ha ungenutzte Lagerkalk (Kalziumhydroxid) in Blattfallperiode verringert die Anzahl von krebsbefallenen Zweigen im darauf folgenden Juni mit maximal 40%. Nicht oder weniger effektiv zeigte sich Baumanstrich, benutzte Lagerkalk, Landbaukalk, Schachtelhalm Tee, Mikroorganismen oder Wasserglas
Alternativen für Kupfer gegen Schorf auf Jonagold
Copper is currently the strongest fungicide available to organic fruit growers. Unfortunately it is not environmentally safe and it has a bad image with the consumer. As a result, there is pressure to abandon copper altogether. In 1999 the Fruit Research Station FPO and the Louis Bolk Institute carried out a spray trial to assess the potential of various alternatives
Prevention and control of apple scab
Improved prevention and control of apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis is aimed at without the use of copper containing products in the Repco-project. Substantial progress is made in selection of potential products against summer epidemics. A patent application is made for E73. New effective biocontrol agents are selected to reduce inoculum during winter. The product potassium bicarbonate has shown good efficacy and Repco contributes to the registration of this product in Europe. Earthworms tended to be stimulated to consume apple leaves treated with amino acids or beetpulp, especially when applied fresh under controlled environmental condi-tons
Electron storage in electroactive biofilms
Microbial electrochemical technologies (METs) are promising for sustainable applications. Recently, electron storage during intermittent operation of electroactive biofilms (EABs) has been shown to play an important role in power output and electron efficiencies. Insights into electron storage mechanisms, and the conditions under which these occur, are essential to improve microbial electrochemical conversions and to optimize biotechnological processes. Here, we discuss the two main mechanisms for electron storage in EABs: storage in the form of reduced redox active components in the electron transport chain and in the form of polymers. We review electron storage in EABs and in other microorganisms and will discuss how the mechanisms of electron storage can be influenced.This work is part of the research program Vidi (with project number 17516), which is (partly) financed by the Dutch Research Council (NWO). The research was performed in cooperation with Wetsus, the European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology. Wetsus is cofunded by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs and Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment, the European Union Regional Development Fund, the Province of Fryslân, and the Northern Netherlands Provinces. The authors would like to thank the participants of the research theme ‘Resource Recovery’ for the fruitful discussions and their financial support. The authors also acknowledge the financial support given by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UIDB/04469/2020 unit and BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004) funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 – Programa Operacional Regional do Norte.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Membrane topology of the 60 kDa Oxa1p-homologue from Escherichia coli
We have characterized the membrane topology of a 60-kDa inner membrane protein from Escherichia coli that is homologous to the recently identified Oxa1p protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondria implicated in the assembly of mitochondrial inner membrane proteins. Hydrophobicity and alkaline phosphatase fusion analyses suggest a membrane topology with six transmembrane segments, including an N-terminal signal-anchor sequence not present in mitochondrial Oxa1p. In contrast to partial N-terminal fusion protein constructs, the full-length protein folds into a protease-resistant conformation, suggesting that important folding determinants are present in the C-terminal part of the molecule
The detection of single electrons by means of a Micromegas-covered MediPix2 pixel CMOS readout circuit
A small drift chamber was read out by means of a MediPix2 readout chip as
direct anode. A Micromegas foil was placed 50 m above the chip, and
electron multiplication occurred in the gap. With a He/Isobutane 80/20 mixture,
gas multiplication factors up to tens of thousands were achieved, resulting in
an efficiency for detecting single electrons of better than 90% . We recorded
many frames containing 2D images with tracks from cosmic muons. Along these
tracks, electron clusters were observed, as well as delta-rays.Comment: 15 pages, 9 included postscript figures, 5 separate jpeg figures,
submitted to Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A. A complete postscript version with
high resolution figures 1, 3, 11, 12 and 14 can be found at
http://www.nikhef.nl/~i06/RandD/final/letter4.p
Forces on nascent polypeptides during membrane insertion and translocation via the Sec translocon
During ribosomal translation, nascent polypeptide chains (NCs) undergo a variety of physical processes that determine their fate in the cell. This study utilizes a combination of arrest peptide (AP) experiments and coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) to measure and elucidate the molecular origins of forces that are exerted on NCs during co-translational membrane insertion and translocation via the Sec translocon. The approach enables deconvolution of force contributions from NC-translocon and NC-ribosome interactions, membrane partitioning, and electrostatic coupling to the membrane potential. In particular, we show that forces due to NC-lipid interactions provide a read-out of conformational changes in the Sec translocon, demonstrating that lateral gate opening only occurs when a sufficiently hydrophobic segment of NC residues reaches the translocon. The combination of experiment and theory introduced here provides a detailed picture of the molecular interactions and conformational changes during ribosomal translation that govern protein biogenesis
Deciphering the folding kinetics of transmembrane helical proteins
Nearly a quarter of genomic sequences and almost half of all receptors that
are likely to be targets for drug design are integral membrane proteins.
Understanding the detailed mechanisms of the folding of membrane proteins is a
largely unsolved, key problem in structural biology. Here, we introduce a
general model and use computer simulations to study the equilibrium properties
and the folding kinetics of a -based two helix bundle fragment
(comprised of 66 amino-acids) of Bacteriorhodopsin. Various intermediates are
identified and their free energy are calculated toghether with the free energy
barrier between them. In 40% of folding trajectories, the folding rate is
considerably increased by the presence of non-obligatory intermediates acting
as traps. In all cases, a substantial portion of the helices is rapidly formed.
This initial stage is followed by a long period of consolidation of the helices
accompanied by their correct packing within the membrane. Our results provide
the framework for understanding the variety of folding pathways of helical
transmembrane proteins
- …