Stability of DON and DON-3-glucoside during baking as affected by the presence of food additives

The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most common mycotoxins of cereals worldwide, and its occurrence has been widely reported in raw wheat. The free mycotoxin form is not the only route of exposure; modified forms can also be present in cereal products. Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3-glucoside) is a common DON plant conjugate. The mycotoxin concentration could be affected by food processing; here, we studied the stability of DON and DON-3-glucoside during baking of small doughs made from white wheat flour and other ingredients. A range of common food additives and ingredients were added to assess possible interference: ascorbic acid (E300), citric acid (E330), sorbic acid (E200), calcium propionate (E282), lecithin (E322), diacetyltartaric acid esters of fatty acid mono- and diglycerides (E472a), calcium phosphate (E341), disodium diphosphate (E450i), xanthan gum (E415), polydextrose (E1200), sorbitol (E420i), sodium bicarbonate (E500i), wheat gluten and malt flour. The DON content was reduced by 40%, and the DON-3-glucoside concentration increased by >100%, after baking for 20 min at 180°C. This confirmed that DON and DON-3-glucoside concentrations can vary during heating, and DON-3-glucoside could even increase after baking. However, DON and DON- 3-glucoside are not affected significantly by the presence of the food additives tested.The authors are grateful to the Spanish government (project AGL2014-55379-P) for providing financial support. A. Vidal thanks the Spanish government (Ministry of Education) for the pre-doctoral grant

Erosión en bancales: la trayectora de la escorrentía y su relación con el deterioro del Ribazo (Norte Comunidad Valenciana)

[Resumen] El cultivo en terrazas requiere la adecuación del terreno a las labores agrícolas: reducción de la erosión, favorecimiento de la infiltración, y hacer más cómodas las labores agrícolas. Estos objetivos se consiguen, en su mayor parte, reduciendo la pendiente de la ladera. La solución que se dé al drenaje de la escorrentía en la explotación determina, según se comenta en este artículo, la vulnerabilidad de los muros, sobre todo cuando las labores de mantenimiento se abandonan, como es el caso en extensas áreas montañosas de la península.[Abstract] The terrace cultivation needs a suitable field for farming works: to reduce the erosion, to permit infiltration and to do more comfortable farming works. You can reach most of these aims reducing the slope. The solution for the water drainage in the fields cause, as the article says, the vulnerability of the walls, especially when the maintenance works are left, as in vast mountains areas in the peninsula