Rethinking the English revolution of 1649

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Cambridge University Press via https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X1600042XAbstractIt is generally assumed that the kingless Commonwealth established in 1649 was the unforeseen consequence of the regicide: an expedient taken hesitantly and nothing more than a stop-gap. ‘Republicanism’ was a minority position even among those who remained at Westminster during the dramatic events of 1648–9: the majority remained committed to monarchical forms of government. By reappraising the surviving evidence, this article proposes a radically different account of the genesis of the Commonwealth regime. Not only were preparations already underway in the weeks before Charles I's death that helped to pave the way for government without a king, but also the decision to abolish kingship after the regicide was itself taken relatively quickly, with no discernible signs of hesitation. Even if few who defended or served the Commonwealth were republican, this need not mean that the majority were attached to monarchy. Rather, many of those who supported the regime, drawing upon the experiences and ideas of 1640s parliamentarianism, claimed that the form of government was only ever of secondary importance in comparison to its substance. They did not think kingship was inherently unlawful, but they did not believe it was absolutely necessary either.</jats:p

TiO2 film properties as a function of processing temperature, volume 3

Thin film TiO2 was produced at 150 C by chemical vapor deposition using hydrolysis of tetraisopropyl titanate. Films were amorphous as grown, but annealing in air caused crystallization, with anatase formed beginning at 350 C and rutile at 700 C. Density and index of refraction increased substantially with increasing anneal temperature, while etch susceptibility in HF and H2SO4 decreased. Comparison with literature data showed two groups of processes. One group yields films having properties that gradually approach those of rutile with increasing process temperature. The other group gives rutile directly at moderate temperatures. Deposition of amorphous film followed by etching and annealing is suggested as a means for pattern definition

Dynamics of the Fibonacci Order of Appearance Map

The \textit{order of appearance} $z(n)$ of a positive integer $n$ in the Fibonacci sequence is defined as the smallest positive integer $j$ such that $n$ divides the $j$-th Fibonacci number. A \textit{fixed point} arises when, for a positive integer $n$, we have that the $n^{\text{th}}$ Fibonacci number is the smallest Fibonacci that $n$ divides. In other words, $z(n) = n$. In 2012, Marques proved that fixed points occur only when $n$ is of the form $5^{k}$ or $12\cdot5^{k}$ for all non-negative integers $k$. It immediately follows that there are infinitely many fixed points in the Fibonacci sequence. We prove that there are infinitely many integers that iterate to a fixed point in exactly $k$ steps. In addition, we construct infinite families of integers that go to each fixed point of the form $12 \cdot 5^{k}$. We conclude by providing an alternate proof that all positive integers $n$ reach a fixed point after a finite number of iterations.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figure

Recording, reporting and printing the Cromwellian ‘kingship debates’ of 1657

This article explores the problem of recovering early modern utterances by focusing upon the issue of how the ‘kingship debates’ of 1657 between Oliver Cromwell and a committee of ninety-nine M.P.s came to be recorded, reported and printed. Specifically, it investigates the two key records of the kingship debates which, despite being well known to scholars, have extremely shady origins. Not only does this article demonstrate the probable origins of both sources, but by identifying the previously unknown scribe of one of them it points to the possible relationship between the two. It also questions whether the nature of the surviving sources has exacerbated certain interpretations about the kingship debates and their outcome.This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Wileyvia http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.1213

Spontaneous Erosion of a Lost Intra-Abdominal Gallstone Through the Back Eight Months Following Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

A prospectively maintained database of 856 laparoscopic cholecystectomies was analyzed to determine the complications of lost intra-abdominal gallstones which occurred in 165 patients

The effect of frequency transition on the detection of temporal gaps within a tonal sequence.

Previous research has shown that when a sequence of tones which alternates rapidly between two frequency categories is presented to listeners, the perceptual continuity of the pattern is lost. The tones group by frequency domain to forni two subjectively co-occurring auditory streams. The phenomenon is described as displaying a two cnannel\u27* quality in that listeners nius t switch their attention rapidly betvreen streams when attempting to track tne sequence. In the present experiments listeners attempted to detect brief temporal interruptions between items of a simple auditory sequence, comprised of two high frequency tones follov/ed by tvro lower frequency tones. Temporal resolution v;as found to be most difficult when the interruption occurred between tones v^idely separated in frequency. Results are interpreted as evidence for a processing time delay when snifts of focal attention occur between sensory cnannels developed along the dimensions of auditory frequency

Smartphone-based pathogen diagnosis in urinary sepsis patients.

BackgroundThere is an urgent need for rapid, sensitive, and affordable diagnostics for microbial infections at the point-of-care. Although a number of innovative systems have been reported that transform mobile phones into potential diagnostic tools, the translational challenge to clinical diagnostics remains a significant hurdle to overcome.MethodsA smartphone-based real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (smaRT-LAMP) system was developed for pathogen ID in urinary sepsis patients. The free, custom-built mobile phone app allows the phone to serve as a stand-alone device for quantitative diagnostics, allowing the determination of genome copy-number of bacterial pathogens in real time.FindingsA head-to-head comparative bacterial analysis of urine from sepsis patients revealed that the performance of smaRT-LAMP matched that of clinical diagnostics at the admitting hospital in a fraction of the time (~1 h vs. 18-28 h). Among patients with bacteremic complications of their urinary sepsis, pathogen ID from the urine matched that from the blood - potentially allowing pathogen diagnosis shortly after hospital admission. Additionally, smaRT-LAMP did not exhibit false positives in sepsis patients with clinically negative urine cultures.InterpretationThe smaRT-LAMP system is effective against diverse Gram-negative and -positive pathogens and biological specimens, costs less than $100 US to fabricate (in addition to the smartphone), and is configurable for the simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens. SmaRT-LAMP thus offers the potential to deliver rapid diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections and urinary sepsis with a simple test that can be performed at low cost at the point-of-care. FUND: National Institutes of Health, Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

Adam Smith and Colonialism

In the context of debates about liberalism and colonialism, the arguments of Adam Smith have been taken as illustrative of an important line of anti-colonial liberal thought. The reading of Smith presented here challenges this interpretation. It argues that Smith’s opposition to colonial rule derived largely from its impact on the metropole, rather than on its impact on the conquered and colonised; that Smith recognised colonialism had brought ‘improvement’ in conquered territories and that Smith struggled to balance recognition of moral diversity with a universal moral framework and a commitment to a particular interpretation of progress through history. These arguments have a wider significance as they point towards some of the issues at stake in liberal anti-colonial arguments more generally

The Resolved Stellar Halo of NGC 253

We have obtained Magellan/IMACS and HST/ACS imaging data that resolve red giant branch stars in the stellar halo of the starburst galaxy NGC 253. The HST data cover a small area, and allow us to accurately interpret the ground-based data, which cover 30% of the halo to a distance of 30 kpc, allowing us to make detailed quantitative measurements of the global properties and structure of a stellar halo outside of the Local Group. The geometry of the halo is significantly flattened in the same sense as the disk, with a projected axis ratio of b/a ~ 0.35 +/- 0.1. The total stellar mass of the halo is estimated to be M_halo ~ 2.5 +/- 1.5 x 10^9 M_sun, or 6% of the total stellar mass of the galaxy, and has a projected radial dependence that follows a power law of index -2.8 +/- 0.6, corresponding to a three-dimensional power law index of ~ -4. The total luminosity and profile shape that we measure for NGC 253 are somewhat larger and steeper than the equivalent values for the Milky Way and M31, but are well within the scatter of model predictions for the properties of stellar halos built up in a cosmological context. Structure within the halo is seen at a variety of scales: there is small kpc-scale density variation and a large shelf-like feature near the middle of the field. The techniques that have been developed will be essential for quantitatively comparing our upcoming larger sample of observed stellar halos to models of halo formation.Comment: ApJ, in press. Version with full resolution figures available at http://www.astro.lsa.umich.edu/~jbailin/papers/bailin_n253halo.pd