A survey of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) gene superfamily in the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)

Salmon lice,Lepeophtheirus salmonis(Krøyer, 1837), are fish ectoparasites causing significant economic damage in the mariculture of Atlantic salmon,Salmo salarLinnaeus, 1758. The control ofL.salmonisat fish farms relies to a large extent on treatment with anti-parasitic drugs. A problem related to chemical control is the potential for development of resistance, which inL.salmonisis documented for a number of drug classes including organophosphates, pyrethroids and avermectins. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) gene superfamily is found in all biota and includes a range of drug efflux transporters that can confer drug resistance to cancers and pathogens. Furthermore, some ABC transporters are recognised to be involved in conferral of insecticide resistance. While a number of studies have investigated ABC transporters inL.salmonis, no systematic analysis of the ABC gene family exists for this species. This study presents a genome-wide survey of ABC genes inL.salmonisfor which, ABC superfamily members were identified through homology searching of theL.salmonisgenome. In addition, ABC proteins were identified in a reference transcriptome of the parasite generated by high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of a multi-stage RNA library. Searches of both genome and transcriptome allowed the identification of a total of 33 genes / transcripts coding for ABC proteins, of which 3 were represented only in the genome and 4 only in the transcriptome. Eighteen sequences were assigned to ABC subfamilies known to contain drug transporters,i.e. subfamilies B (4 sequences), C (11) and G (2). The results suggest that the ABC gene family ofL.salmonispossesses fewer members than recorded for other arthropods. The present survey of theL.salmonisABC gene superfamily will provide the basis for further research into potential roles of ABC transporters in the toxicity of salmon delousing agents and as potential mechanisms of drug resistance

Designing Efficient Subsidy Policies in a Regional Economy: A Multicriteria Decision-Making (MCDM)-Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Approach

Andre F. J. and Cardenete M. A. Designing efficient subsidy policies in a regional economy: a multicriteria decision-making (MCDM)-computable general equilibrium (CGE) approach, Regional Studies. Since policy-makers usually pursue several conflicting objectives, policy-making can be understood as a multicriteria decision problem. Following the methodological proposal by Andre and Cardenete (2005), multi-objective programming is used in connection with a computable general equilibrium model to represent optimal policy-making and to obtain so-called efficient policies in an application to a regional economy (Andalusia, Spain). This approach is applied to the design of subsidy policies under two different scenarios. In the first scenario, it is assumed that the government is concerned just about two objectives: ensuring the profitability of a key strategic sector and increasing overall output. Finally, the scope of the exercise is enlarged by solving a problem with seven policy objectives, including both general and sectorial objectives. It is concluded that the observed policy could have been Pareto-improved in several directions. [image omitted] Andre F. J. et Cardenete M. A. Mettre au point des politiques rationnelles en faveur des subventions dans le cadre d'une economie regionale: une facon MCDM-CGE, Regional Studies. Vu que normalement les decideurs poursuivent plusieurs objectifs contradictoires, on pourrait considerer la prise de decisions comme un probleme a criteres multiples. Conformement a l'approche proposee par Anre et Cardenete (2005), on emploie une programmation a objectifs multiples conjointement avec un modele d'equilibre general sur ordinateur afin de representer la prise de decisons optimales et pour engendrer des soi-disant politiques rationnelles en l'appliquant a une economie regionale (a savoir l'Andalousie, en Espagne). On applique cette approche a la mise au point des politiques en faveur des subventions dans deux cadres differents. En premier, on laisse supposer que le gouvernement ne s'occupe que de deux objectifs: assurer la rentabilite d'un secteur de pointe et augmenter le rendement global. En deuxieme, on elargit la portee de l'etude en resolvant un probleme a sept objectifs, y compris des objectifs generaux et sectoriels. On conclut que l'on aurait pu ameliorer la politique observee dans divers domaines compte tenu de Pareto. Programmation a objectifs multiples Modele d'equilibre general sur ordinateur Politique rationnelle Subventions Andre F. J. und Cardenete M. A. Gestaltung effizienter Subventionspolitiken in einer Regionalwirtschaft. Ein MCDM-CGE-Ansatz, Regional Studies. Da Politiker in der Regel mehrere, einander widersprechende Ziele verfolgen, lasst sich Politik als multikriterielles Entscheidungsproblem auffassen. Unter Befolgung des methodologischen Vorschlags von Andre und Cardenete (2005) setzen wir eine multikriterielle Programmierung in Verbindung mit einem berechenbaren allgemeinen Gleichgewichtsmodell in einer Anwendung fur eine Regionalwirtschaft (Andalusien, Spanien) ein, um optimale Politik darzustellen und sogenannte effiziente Politiken zu erhalten. Diesen Ansatz wenden wir in zwei verschiedenen Szenarien auf die Gestaltung von Subventionspolitiken an. Im ersten Szenario gehen wir davon aus, dass die Regierung nur zwei Ziele verfolgt: die Sicherstellung der Rentabilitat eines zentralen strategischen Sektors sowie die Erhohung der allgemeinen Leistung. Anschliessend erweitern wir den Rahmen dieser Ubung, indem wir ein Problem mit sieben politischen Zielen losen, zu denen sowohl allgemeine als auch sektorale Ziele gehoren. Wir ziehen den Schluss, dass die beobachtete Politik in mehreren Richtungen einer Pareto-Verbesserung hatte unterzogen werden konnen. Multikriterielle Programmierung Berechenbares allgemeines Gleichgewichtsmodell Effiziente Politik Subventionen Andre F. J. y Cardenete M. A. Diseno de politicas de subvenciones eficientes en una economia regional. Un enfoque multicriterio combinado con un modelo de equilibrio general computable, Regional Studies. Dado que los responsables politicos suelen buscar en general diferentes objetivos que entran en conflicto entre si, la elaboracion de politicas publicas puede entenderse como un problema de decision multicriterio. Siguiendo la propuesta metodologica de Andre y Cardenete (2005), usamos programacion multiobjetivo en combinacion con un modelo de equilibrio general computable para representar la elaboracion optima de politicas y, en una aplicacion a una economia regional (Andalucia, Espana), obtenemos el conjunto de las llamadas politicas eficientes. Este planteamiento se aplica al diseno de las politicas de subvenciones en dos casos diferentes. En el primer caso, suponemos que al gobierno le preocupan solo dos objetivos: asegurar la rentabilidad de un sector estrategico clave y aumentar la produccion total de la economia. Luego aumentamos el alcance del ejercicio resolviendo un problema con siete objetivos politicos, incluyendo tanto objetivos generales como sectoriales. Concluimos que la politica observada podria haber sido mejorada en el sentido de Pareto en varias direcciones. Programacion con muchos objetivos Modelo de equilibrio general computable Politica eficaz SubsidiosMulti-objective programming, Computable general equilibrium model, Efficient policy, Subsidies,