Characterizations of quasitrivial symmetric nondecreasing associative operations

We provide a description of the class of n-ary operations on an arbitrary chain that are quasitrivial, symmetric, nondecreasing, and associative. We also prove that associativity can be replaced with bisymmetry in the definition of this class. Finally we investigate the special situation where the chain is finite

High power conical-shaped Niobium targets for reliable [18F-] production and lower [18O] water consumption: High power conical-shaped Niobium targets for reliable [18F-] production and lower [18O] water consumption

Introduction In order to address the increasing demand for Fluorine-18 and the rising cost per mL of 18O enriched water, IBA developed improvements to their 18F- production systems. For this new design we started from scratch, with the main objectives of reducing the required enriched water volume and improving the cooling of the insert. A better cooling allows increasing the target current and thus the produced activity. Finally, we aimed to reduce the number of parts and improve the design of auxiliary components. Material and Methods Six Niobium conical inserts with different target chamber volumes were machined and tested. Only 4 of these were selected to create the new range of IBA 18F− targets shown in TABLE 1. The new Niobium target inserts have a complex shape with drilled channels on the outside of the chamber and a deep channel next to the beam strike area (FIG. 1, green circle) to ensure efficient cooling. The 18O water inlet lines are now directly inserted in the Niobium body (FIG. 1, blue circle) to improve 18F- quality (no more contact with small o-rings). In operation, a 35µm Havar® target window is used. All tests were performed using IBA Cyclone® 18 cyclotron. The targets were filled with different volumes of enriched 18O water (enrichment > 92 %) and irradiated with 18 MeV protons on target with beam currents up to 145 μA for 30 to 150 minutes, while the internal pressure rise of the target was recorded. For each target, a pressure-current curve was plotted and an optimum balance between target water fill volume, pressure and current has been determined, which maximises available activity after two hours, in each case. Results and Conclusion Radionuclidic impurities were measured and more than 100 FDG syntheses on various synthesizers confirmed the effectiveness of the new design. Increasing the current up to 145µA in Conical 16, the production reached 18 Ci in 2 hours, single beam, with a target pressure under 43 bar. Today, the use of these new targets for daily commercial production is increasing within the IBA Cyclone® installed base

On idempotent n-ary uninorms

In this paper we describe the class of idempotent n-ary uninorms on a given chain.When the chain is finite, we axiomatize the latter class by means of the following conditions: associativity, quasitriviality, symmetry, and nondecreasing monotonicity. Also, we show that associativity can be replaced with bisymmetry in this new axiomatization