Galaxies into the Dark Ages

We consider the capabilities of current and future large facilities operating at 2\,mm to 3\,mm wavelength to detect and image the [CII] 158\,$\mu$m line from galaxies into the cosmic "dark ages" ($z \sim 10$ to 20). The [CII] line may prove to be a powerful tool in determining spectroscopic redshifts, and galaxy dynamics, for the first galaxies. We emphasize that the nature, and even existence, of such extreme redshift galaxies, remains at the frontier of open questions in galaxy formation. In 40\,hr, ALMA has the sensitivity to detect the integrated [CII] line emission from a moderate metallicity, active star-forming galaxy [$Z_A = 0.2\,Z_{\odot}$; star formation rate (SFR) = 5\,$M_\odot$\,yr$^{-1}$], at $z = 10$ at a significance of 6$\sigma$. The next-generation Very Large Array (ngVLA) will detect the integrated [CII] line emission from a Milky-Way like star formation rate galaxy ($Z_{A} = 0.2\,Z_{\odot}$, SFR = 1\,$M_\odot$\,yr$^{-1}$), at $z = 15$ at a significance of 6$\sigma$. Imaging simulations show that the ngVLA can determine rotation dynamics for active star-forming galaxies at $z \sim 15$, if they exist. Based on our very limited knowledge of the extreme redshift Universe, we calculate the count rate in blind, volumetric surveys for [CII] emission at $z \sim 10$ to 20. The detection rates in blind surveys will be slow (of order unity per 40\,hr pointing). However, the observations are well suited to commensal searches. We compare [CII] with the [OIII] 88$\mu$m line, and other ancillary information in high $z$ galaxies that would aid these studies.Comment: 11pages, 8 figures, Accepted for the Astrophysical Journa

Antigens of a Human Breast Carcinoma Cell Line (BT 20). I. Synthesis of Serum Proteins, Membrane-Associated Antigens, and Oncofetal-Associated Antigens

The synthesis of various products by a human mammary cell line (BT 20) was studied by incorporation of 14Clabeled amino acids, choline, glucosamine, or galactosamine into nondialyzable materials. These products had molecular weights ranging from less than 12,300 daltons to more than 200,000 daltons. They were analyzed by immunoelectrophoresis and double diffusion in agar. Among the synthesized products, the following proteins were identified: β2-glycoprotein I, α2HS-glycoprotein, α2-lipoprotein, actin, β2-microglobulin, carcinoembryonic antigen, three oncofetal-associated antigens, and various erythrocyte membrane-associated antigens (namely, glycophorin). Synthesis of milk proteins was not detectable. Only the protein moiety of the glycophorin molecule seemed to be synthesized. The β2-microglobulin was synthesized in an unbound state as well as bound to a glycoprotein whose relationship with the transplantation or tumor antigens must be determined. The three oncofetal-associated antigens were also synthesized in vitro by human fetal tissues and neoplastic and dysplastic human mammary tissue

Nutritional requirements of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer

Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) has emerged as an important candidate finfish species for aquaculture in many parts of the world. Availability of seed and appropriate feed are the two important prerequisites for development and propagation of aquaculture of any fish species. After considerable efforts and extensive research, the Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture (CIBA) has succeeded in developing captive brood stock and seed production technology for Asian seabass. Research efforts on nutritional requirements and development of suitable formulated feeds have been in progress simultaneously at CIBA. The nutritional requirements of fish vary with different growth stages and depend upon the feeding habits that change according to the morphology of digesting system. Considerable effort has been made in Australia, Thailand, Philippines and more recently Israel, in defining the nutritional requirements of this species in order to improve production. Understanding the nutritional requirements of the candidate species is the first and essential pre requisite for development of cost effective, efficient and eco friendly feeds

Anatomical knowledge retention in physiotherapy students: A preliminary assessment

Introduction: Anatomical knowledge and understanding are key components of physiotherapy education and practice. Traditionally, anatomy has been taught as a foundation stream within the first year(s) of physiotherapy education. This curricular model is based on the assumption that further learning in subsequent years builds upon the knowledge gained in the early stages of the program. However, the retention rate in all basic sciences has often been called into question. In anatomy, several studies suggest that anatomy knowledge endures considerable attrition, highlighting the need for the evaluation of retention rates. This paper aimed at making a preliminary assessment of the knowledge and retention of anatomy among physiotherapy students. Materials and Methods: We used a carpal bone identification test and assessed 129 first year and 113 fourth year physiotherapy students. Results: 20% of the students managed to identify all bones while 47% were able to identify more than five bones. The best recognised bones were pisiform and scaphoid while the most difficult to identify were trapezium and trapezoid. Conclusion: Overall, first year students performed better than their fourth year counterparts which suggested attrition of anatomical knowledge. Educational strategies based on revision, integration and clinical application of anatomy could contribute towards the decrease of attrition of anatomical knowledge

Inspection and evaluation of dry fibers in thick composites

This paper presents the investigation of dry fibers in thick composites. Dry fibers can be defined as lack of epoxy in localized regions. These local regions act as potential defects in thick composites under compressive loads and act as an initiation point for defects such as matrix cracking and delamination. Detection and characterization of dryness in glass/epoxy composites, with thickness greater than one inch, is presented in this paper. One inch samples with dry fibers were fabricated and tested. Detection is carried out with the help of air coupled ultrasonics in both through transmission and singled sided inspection. To characterize the amount of epoxy, time of flight data was correlated with density and fiber volume fraction. Based on the observations a technique was developed for characterization of dryness

Inspection of helicopter rotor blades with the help of guided waves and turning modes : Experimental and finite element analysis

Modern helicopter rotor blades constructed of composite materials offer significant inspection challenges, particularly at inner structures, where geometry and differing material properties and anisotropy make placement of the probing energy difficult. This paper presents an application of Lamb waves to these structures, where mode conversion occurs at internal geometric discontinuities. These additional modes were found to successfully propagate to the targeted regions inside the rotor and back out, allowing evaluation of the structure. A finite element model was developed to simulate wave propagation and mode conversion in the structure and aid in identifying the signals received in the laboratory experiment. A good correlation between numerical and experimental results was observed

Feeds and feeding of seabass in hatchery, nursery and grow out system using formulated feeds

The requirement of nutrients varies throughout the life cycle of an individual. At early stages, the requirement of nutrients is comparatively high which declines with age. Also the requirements depend upon the feeding habits that change accordingly to the morphology of digestive system. Considerable effort has been made in Australia, Thailand, Philippines and more recently Israel, in defining the nutritional requirements of seabass in order to improve production (Boonyaratpalin and Williams, 2001). Feeds and feeding are the critical factors that determine the economic viability of commercial aquaculture of the species concerned and this topic assumes much more significance in a carnivore species like seabass. Based on the nutritional requirements we know that this fish requires a high protein high energy diet. Further, being a predatory carnivore in nature, weaning them to formulated feed is the critical factor which influences the success of grow out culture of seabass. Understanding the nutritional requirements of the candidate species is the first and essential pre- requisite for the development of cost effective, efficient and eco friendly feeds