Power grids vulnerability: a complex network approach

Power grids exhibit patterns of reaction to outages similar to complex networks. Blackout sequences follow power laws, as complex systems operating near a critical point. Here, the tolerance of electric power grids to both accidental and malicious outages is analyzed in the framework of complex network theory. In particular, the quantity known as efficiency is modified by introducing a new concept of distance between nodes. As a result, a new parameter called net-ability is proposed to evaluate the performance of power grids. A comparison between efficiency and net-ability is provided by estimating the vulnerability of sample networks, in terms of both the metrics.Comment: 16 pages, 3 figures. Figure 2 and table II modified. Typos corrected. Version accepted for publication in Chao

HV/HR-CMOS sensors for the ATLAS upgrade—concepts and test chip results

In order to extend its discovery potential, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will have a major upgrade (Phase II Upgrade) scheduled for 2022. The LHC after the upgrade, called High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), will operate at a nominal leveled instantaneous luminosity of 5× 1034 cm−2 s−1, more than twice the expected Phase I . The new Inner Tracker needs to cope with this extremely high luminosity. Therefore it requires higher granularity, reduced material budget and increased radiation hardness of all components. A new pixel detector based on High Voltage CMOS (HVCMOS) technology targeting the upgraded ATLAS pixel detector is under study. The main advantages of the HVCMOS technology are its potential for low material budget, use of possible cheaper interconnection technologies, reduced pixel size and lower cost with respect to traditional hybrid pixel detector. Several first prototypes were produced and characterized within ATLAS upgrade R&D effort, to explore the performance and radiation hardness of this technology. In this paper, an overview of the HVCMOS sensor concepts is given. Laboratory tests and irradiation tests of two technologies, HVCMOS AMS and HVCMOS GF, are also given

Mtss1 promotes cell-cell junction assembly and stability through the small GTPase Rac1

Cell-cell junctions are an integral part of epithelia and are often disrupted in cancer cells during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is a main driver of metastatic spread. We show here that Metastasis suppressor-1 (Mtss1; Missing in Metastasis, MIM), a member of the IMD-family of proteins, inhibits cell-cell junction disassembly in wound healing or HGF-induced scatter assays by enhancing cell-cell junction strength. Mtss1 not only makes cells more resistant to cell-cell junction disassembly, but also accelerates the kinetics of adherens junction assembly. Mtss1 drives enhanced junction formation specifically by elevating Rac-GTP. Lastly, we show that Mtss1 depletion reduces recruitment of F-actin at cell-cell junctions. We thus propose that Mtss1 promotes Rac1 activation and actin recruitment driving junction maintenance. We suggest that the observed loss of Mtss1 in cancers may compromise junction stability and thus promote EMT and metastasis

Radiation-hard active pixel sensors for HL-LHC detector upgrades based on HV-CMOS technology

Luminosity upgrades are discussed for the LHC (HL-LHC) which would make updates to the detectors necessary, requiring in particular new, even more radiation-hard and granular, sensors for the inner detector region. A proposal for the next generation of inner detectors is based on HV-CMOS: a new family of silicon sensors based on commercial high-voltage CMOS technology, which enables the fabrication of part of the pixel electronics inside the silicon substrate itself. The main advantages of this technology with respect to the standard silicon sensor technology are: low material budget, fast charge collection time, high radiation tolerance, low cost and operation at room temperature. A traditional readout chip is still needed to receive and organize the data from the active sensor and to handle high-level functionality such as trigger management. HV-CMOS has been designed to be compatible with both pixel and strip readout. In this paper an overview of HV2FEI4, a HV-CMOS prototype in 180 nm AMS technology, will be given. Preliminary results after neutron and X-ray irradiation are shown

Le crédit dans une situation de crise ; le cas d'une population encouragée : les bénéficiaires de plan de développement

Diffusion du document : INRA Station d'Economie et Sociologie rurales 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc 35042 Rennes Cedex (FRA)Nous étudierons dans la période de crise profonde des revenus agricoles depuis 1974, la population cible privilégiée de la politique gouvernementale et européenne de ces dernières années. La démarche suivie est celle mise au point à l'occasion d'une étude sur les échantillons RICA. Nous insisterons aussi particulièrement sur le poids des aides directes dans le revenu agricole

Les oubliés du crédit

Diffusion du document : INRA Station d'Economie et Sociologie rurales 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc 35042 Rennes Cedex (FRA)Les exploitations oubliées du crédit ne sont guère prises en considération, ni par les grandes composantes du mouvement social agricole ni par les artisans de la politique agricole.Nous chercherons ici à décrire dans leur diversité ces exploitations qui ne seront plus celles de demain

Présentation succincte de deux études sur les populations encouragées dans l'Allier : les Dotations aux Jeunes Agriculteurs, les plans de développement

Diffusion du document : INRA Station d'Economie et Sociologie rurales 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc 35042 Rennes Cedex (FRA)Nous résumons ici des études menées dans le département de l'Allier sur deux populations privilégiées de la politique agricole - les bénéficiaires de PSM et de DJA - dans une situation de crise prolongée du revenu agricole etde difficultés de valorisation des produits de viande bovine.Notre démarche vise à apporter des éléments sur deux question actuellement débattues : le surendettement des agriculteurs et les situations de crise, les aides directes

Le crédit dans une situation de crise ; le cas d'une population aidée : les bénéficiaires de la Dotation Jeunes Agriculteurs

Diffusion du document : INRA Station d'Economie et Sociologie rurales 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc 35042 Rennes Cedex (FRA)À partir de 1974, au niveau France entière, le revenu brut agricole par exploitation diminue ou stagne en francs constants. Pour l'Allier, département à dominante de production viande bovine, cette crise de revenu est particulièrement marquée. En francs constants Ie revenu baisse de 1974 à 1979. Pendant ce temps l'endettement continue à augmenter. C'est dans ce cadre et en prolongeant une étude nationale entreprise à partir des résultats du RICA, que nous proposons dans les pages qui suivent d'analyser la situation d'une population cible privilégiée de lapolitique agricole - les bénéficiaires de la DJA. Cette population est d'autant plus importante qu’à l'avenir, bénéficier de prêts JA sera lié aux conditions d'obtention de la DJA. L'installation, donc l’agriculture de demain, dépendra essentiellement de cette population