Orange jasmine as a trap crop to control Diaphorina citri

[EN] Novel, suitable and sustainable alternative control tactics that have the potential to reduce migration of Diaphorina citri into commercial citrus orchards are essential to improve management of huanglongbing (HLB). In this study, the effect of orange jasmine (Murraya paniculata) as a border trap crop on psyllid settlement and dispersal was assessed in citrus orchards. Furthermore, volatile emission profiles and relative attractiveness of both orange jasmine and sweet orange (Citrus¿×¿aurantium L., syn. Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) nursery flushes to D. citri were investigated. In newly established citrus orchards, the trap crop reduced the capture of psyllids in yellow sticky traps and the number of psyllids that settled on citrus trees compared to fallow mowed grass fields by 40% and 83%, respectively. Psyllids were attracted and killed by thiamethoxam-treated orange jasmine suggesting that the trap crop could act as a `sink¿ for D. citri. Additionally, the presence of the trap crop reduced HLB incidence by 43%. Olfactometer experiments showed that orange jasmine plays an attractive role on psyllid behavior and that this attractiveness may be associated with differences in the volatile profiles emitted by orange jasmine in comparison with sweet orange. Results indicated that insecticide-treated M. paniculata may act as a trap crop to attract and kill D. citri before they settled on the edges of citrus orchards, which significantly contributes to the reduction of HLB primary spread.This work was supported by Fund for Citrus Protection (Fundecitrus) and by Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) (Proc. 2015/07011-3). We thank Moacir Celio Vizone, Felipe Marinho Martini and Joao Pedro Ancoma Lopes for technical support with experiments. Furthermore, we thank Cambuhy Agricola Ltda. and University of Araraquara (Uniara) for providing the areas in which the field experiments were performed. 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Optical fiber laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy as a citrus canker diagnostic

Citrus canker is a serious disease caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri bacteria, which infects citrus plants (Citrus spp.) leading to large economic losses in citrus production worldwide. In this work, laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LIF) was investigated as a diagnostic technique for citrus canker disease in citrus trees at an orchard using a portable optical fiber based spectrometer. For comparison we have applied LIF to leaves contaminated with citrus canker, citrus scab, citrus variegates chlorosis, and Huanglongbing (HLB, Greening). In order to reduce the noise in the data, we collected spectra from ten leaves with visual symptoms of diseases and from five healthy leaves per plant. This procedure is carried out in order to minimize the environmental effect on the spectrum (water and nutrient supply) of each plant. Our results show that this method presents a high sensitivity (similar to 90%), however it does present a low specificity (similar to 70%) for citrus canker diagnostic. We believe that such poor performance is due to the fact that the optical fiber collects light from only a small part of the leaf. Such results may be improved using the fluorescence imaging technique on the whole leaf. (C) 2010 Optical Society of AmericaFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq

Detection of mechanical and disease stresses in citrus plants by fluorescence spectroscopy

We have investigated the detection of mechanical and disease stresses in citrus plants (Citrus limonia [L.] Osbeck) using laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. Due to its economic importance we have chosen to investigate the citrus canker disease, which is caused by the Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri bacteria. Mechanical stress was also studied because it plays an important role in the plant's infection by such bacteria. A laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy system, composed of a spectrometer and a 532 nm 10 mW excitation laser was used to perform fluorescence spectroscopy. The ratio of two chlorophyll fluorescence bands allows us to detect and discriminate between mechanical and disease stresses. This ability to discriminate may have an important application in the field to detect citrus canker infected trees. (c) 2008 Optical Society of America

Avaliação do impacto potencial das mudanças climáticas sobre a severidade do cancro cítrico no Brasil.

O cancro cítrico, causado pela bactéria Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, constitui-se em uma das mais graves doenças da citricultura brasileira na atualidade. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o impacto potencial das mudanças climáticas sobre a severidade do cancro cítrico no Brasil. Foram utilizadas informações de temperatura média e duração de período de molhamento foliar dos períodos de referência (1961-1990) e do futuro (2020, 2050 e 2080) para o Brasil. Um banco de dados geográfico em Sistema de Informações Geográficas SIG - Idrisi 32 foi desenvolvido com essas informações. Foi utilizado o modelo de severidade (índice de favorabilidade) do cancro cítrico de Dalla Pria et al. (2006) e fator de restrição, onde localidades com período de molhamento menor ou igual a 2 h/dia são desfavoráveis à doença, e obtidos mapas de distribuição espacial do cancro cítrico. Prevê-se, em geral, no futuro, um aumento gradativo na severidade da doença no Brasil, embora algumas regiões desfavoráveis também aumentem

Incidence of Huanglongbing in commercial orchards in northwest Paraná, Brazil

In the Parana state, Brazil, Huanglongbing has been advancing on the most important production areas. In this study the objective was monitoring the disease incidence in sweet orange varieties Pera, Valencia and Folha Murcha (leaf wilt) in commercial orchards in the northwest of the Parana state. The plants were grouped by age and management of the insect vector, Diaphorina citri, in 35 commercial orchards. Every three months a full assessment of the orchard was performed, totaling six evaluations in each orchard. This monitoring consisted of the walk in the street, or with platform, throughout the orchard, observing and noting the plants symptomatic for the disease. Orchards of Pera variety had a higher incidence of the disease when the plants were aged 0-5 years and in orchards over the age of 11 years and chemical management of psyllid was made only when their presence was detected. Pera orchards of ages 6 to 10 years and above 11 years, when the chemical management of insect occurred only by new shoots and without assessing the presence of the insect, also showed a higher incidence. The Folha Murcha was the variety with the lowest disease incidence, except when chemical management occurred without assessing the presence of the psyllid in orchards aged 6 to 10 years and above 11 years, and when insecticide applications were made every 20 days, without any evaluation of the presence of the vector

Incidence of Huanglongbing in commercial orchards in northwest Paraná, Brazil

In the Parana state, Brazil, Huanglongbing has been advancing on the most important production areas. In this study the objective was monitoring the disease incidence in sweet orange varieties Pera, Valencia and Folha Murcha (leaf wilt) in commercial orchards in the northwest of the Parana state. The plants were grouped by age and management of the insect vector, Diaphorina citri, in 35 commercial orchards. Every three months a full assessment of the orchard was performed, totaling six evaluations in each orchard. This monitoring consisted of the walk in the street, or with platform, throughout the orchard, observing and noting the plants symptomatic for the disease. Orchards of Pera variety had a higher incidence of the disease when the plants were aged 0-5 years and in orchards over the age of 11 years and chemical management of psyllid was made only when their presence was detected. Pera orchards of ages 6 to 10 years and above 11 years, when the chemical management of insect occurred only by new shoots and without assessing the presence of the insect, also showed a higher incidence. The Folha Murcha was the variety with the lowest disease incidence, except when chemical management occurred without assessing the presence of the psyllid in orchards aged 6 to 10 years and above 11 years, and when insecticide applications were made every 20 days, without any evaluation of the presence of the vector

Copper sprays and windbreaks for control of citrus canker on young orange trees in southern Brazil

The benefit of windbreaks and copper sprays for control of citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri was investigated in a commercial citrus orchard located in a citrus canker endemic area in southern Brazil. Control of canker was evaluated as incidence and severity of lesions on foliage and by the effect on premature leaf and fruit drop for three production seasons. Effect of the treatments on fruit production was evaluated as incidence of citrus canker on prematurely abscised fruits and harvested fruits. Copper application significantly reduced damage to foliage and fruit, while windbreaks made little contribution to disease control. Copper sprays increased fruit yield for 3 years. This could be attributed to lower incidence of fruit with lesions and fewer fruits abscised due to canker infection. Incidence and severity on the leaves were inversely related to the number of fruits harvested per tree and directly related to the number of fruits abscised per tree. Published by Elsevier Ltd

Annual and polyetic progression of citrus canker on trees protected with copper sprays

The effects of copper sprays on annual and polyetic progress of citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, in the presence of the Asian citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella), were evaluated in a study conducted in a commercial orchard in northwest Parana state, Brazil, where citrus canker is endemic. Nonlinear monomolecular, logistic and Gompertz models were fitted to monthly disease incidence data (proportion of leaves with symptoms) for each treatment for three seasons. The logistic model provided the best estimate of disease progress for all years and treatments evaluated and logistic parameter estimates were used to describe polyetic disease dynamics. Although citrus canker incidence increased during each of the seasons studied, it decreased over the whole study period, more so in copper-treated trees than in water-sprayed controls. Copper treatment reduced disease incidence compared with controls in every year, especially 2004-2005, when incidence was ca. 10-fold higher in controls than in treated plots (estimated asymptote values 0 center dot 82 and 0 center dot 07, respectively). Copper treatment also reduced estimated initial disease incidence and epidemic growth rates every year