173 research outputs found

    Perbaikan Proses Pembuatan Gula Merah Aren Di Pabrik Gula Aren Masarang Tomohon

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    Pabrik gula aren Masarang Tomohon saat ini memiliki masalah rendahnya efisiensi produksi akibat pembentukan bongkahan gula selama tahap akhir pemprosesan gula. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan efisiensi proses produksi gula di pabrik dengan penekanan pada sorpsi air oleh gula dan pada penghancuran bongkahan gula selama produksi serbuk gula aren (gula semut). Umur simpan gula merah aren diestimasi dengan kurva isoterm absorpsi menggunakan rumus Labuza. Penghancuran gula dilakukan mula-mula melalui penentuan jenis gilingan, diikuti dengan membuat desain gilingan dan membangun konstruksi gilingan. Perhitungan umur simpan gula menghasilkan angka 6,4 tahun umur simpan. Konstruksi gilingan gula dibuat didasarkan pada gilingan martil (hammer mill) dengan kapasitas untuk mengurangi sisa produk hingga 1,28 persen.The Masarang Palm Sugar Factory in Tomohon is currently facing to the problems of the low efficiency production due to the crumble formation during the last step of sugar processing and the question of the shelf life of the product. Therefore the goal of this research is to improve the palm sugar processing at the factory by focusing to the understanding the water sorption by the sugar and to break down the sugar crumbles during the brown sugar powder production. The shelf life of the brown palm sugar was estimated by the isotherm absorption curve followed by application of Labuza formula. The sugar milling was processed by firstly determined the milling type, followed by designing the mill and then constructed it. The calculation of shelf life of the sugar product was found as 6.4 years. The sugar milling was constructed based on the hammer mill with the capacity to reduce the crumbles as low as 1.28 percent

    A note on four nonradioactive labeling systems for dot hybridization detection of potato viruses

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    Des clones d'ADN complémentaire ont été fabriqués à partir des ARN génomiques des virus S (PVS), X (PVX) et Y (PVY) de la pomme de terre (Solarium tuberosum). Les clones ont été sélectionnés pour leur spécificité par l'hybridation avec divers ARN viraux. Les clones S12 de PVS et X6 de PVX se sont avérés très spécifiques à l'ARN de PVS et PVX respectivement, alors que le clone Y10 de PVY a hybride fortement à l'ARN du PVY et faiblement à l'ARN du PVS. Quatre systèmes commerciaux non radioactifs de marquage des acides nucléiques et de détection ont été comparés entre eux et avec le marquage radioactif traditionnel de la sonde au 32P. La détection colorimétrique de sondes d'ADN marquées à la digoxygénine permet de déceler 1 ng de virions (60 pg d'ARN), soit une sensibilité du même ordre que l'autoradiographie avec des sondes marquées au phosphore radioactif. Les sondes sulfonées, biotinylées et marquées à la peroxydase ont été moins sensibles en permettant la détection de 600 pg d'ARN viral.Complementary DNA clones of genomic RNAs of potato (Solarium tuberosum) viruses S (PVS), X (PVX) and Y (PVY) were produced and tested for their capacity to hybridize with various plant virus RNAs. PVS clone S12 and PVX clone X6 were found to be very specifie to PVS and PVX RNA respectively, whereas PVY clone Y10 strongly hybridized with PVY RNA and weakly with PVS RNA. Four commercial, nonradioactive Systems of nucleic acid labeling and detection were compared to the usual 32P-labeled probe using dot hybridization experiments. Colorimetric detection of digoxigenin-labeled DNA probes gave a level of sensitivity of 1 ng of virions (60 pg of RNA), similar to autoradiography of 32P-labeled probes. Sulfonated, biotinylated and peroxidase-labeled probes were slightly less sensitive, allowing detection of 600 pg of viral RNA

    Analisis Fisika-Kimia Air Sumur Di Tempat Pembuangan Akhir Sumompo Kecamatan Tuminting Manado

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    Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang kualitas fisika-kimia air sumur di tempat pembuangan akhir sampah (TPA) kecamatan Tuminting, Manado secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Kajian yang dilakukan meliputi parameter fisika yaitu penentuan pH, bau, rasa, warna, kekeruhan dan total padatan terlarut (TDT) serta parameter kimia yaitu penentuan nitrat, nitrit, klorida, sulfat, besi dan mangan. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian parameter fisika pada 4 titik pengambilan air ada beberapa titik pengambilan sampel yang tidak sesuai dengan syarat baku mutu kualitas air yaitu tidak berbau dan berasa serta memiliki rentang pH 6,5-9,2 dan memiliki nilai maksimal untuk warna 50, kekeruhan 25, dan TDT 1500. Begitu juga untuk parameter kimia ada beberapa titik pengambilan sampel yang tidak sesuai dengan syarat baku mutu kualitas air yaitu memiliki nilai maksimal untuk klorida 600 mg/L, nitrat 10 mg/L, nitrit 1 mg/L, besi 1 mg/L, mangan 0,5 m/L dan sulfat 400 mg/L.A research on the physico-chemical quality of the well water in the landfill (TPA) district Tuminting, Manado has been done. The study includedphysical parameters, namely pH, odor, taste, color, turbidity and total dissolved solids (TDS) and chemical parameters, namely nitrate, nitrite, chloride, sulphate, iron and manganese. Among the four sampling sites, some sites did not meet the water quality standard based on some physical parameters, those are odorless and tasteless, pH range of 6.5 to 9.2 and maximum value of 50 for color, 25 for turbidity, and 1500 for TDS. Likewise, for chemical parameters, several sampling points are not in accordance with the terms of water quality standard, those aremaximum value of 600 mg/Lfor chlorides, 10 mg/L for nitrate, 1 mg/L for nitrite, 1 mg/L for iron, 0.5 m/L for manganese and 400 mg/L for sulphate

    Fotodegradasi Zat Warna Metanil Yellow Menggunakan Fotokatalis TiO2-Karbon Aktif

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    Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mempelajari pengaruh penambahan karbon aktif (KA) pada fotokatalis TiO2 serta aktivitas fotokatalitiknya dalam proses fotodegradasi zat warna metanil yellow. Penelitian diawali dengan pembuatan KA dari tempurung kelapa, kemudian dilakukan modifikasi fotokatalis TiO2–KA. Eksperiman fotodegradasi metanil yellow oleh fotokatalis TiO2–KA dilakukan dengan perbandingan berat TiO2:KA sebesar 9,9:0,1 dan 9,5:0,5 dan konsentrasi metanil yellow 2–50 ppm, serta variasi waktu penyinaran sinar UV selama 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 19 dan 20 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase proses fotodegradasi tertinggi diperoleh pada perbandingan berat TiO2:KA (9,9:0,1) dan aktivitas fotodegradasi semakin meningkat seiring dengan bertambahnya waktu penyinaran.A research had been conducted to study the effect of the addition of activated carbon (AC) on TiO2 photocatalyst and its photocatalytic activity in photodegradation process of metanil yellow dye. The research was performed through the preparation of activated carbon from coconut shell and modification of photocatalyst TiO2–AC. Experiment of metanil yellow photodegradation by photocatalyst TiO2–AC was performed at the weight ratio of TiO2:AC of 9,9:0,1 and 9,5:0,5 with the concentrations of metanil yellow of 2–50 ppm, and time variations of UV rays irradiation of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 19 and 20 hours. The results showed that the highest percentage of photodegradation process obtained at the weight ratio of TiO2:AC of 9,9:0,1 and the photodegradation activity was increased along with increasing irradiation tim

    Pemurnian Kondensat Hasil Pembuatan Gula Aren (Arenga Pinnata) Dengan Menggunakan Arang Aktif

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    Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memproses kondensat hasil pengolahan gula aren melalui proses pemurnian dengan menggunakan adsorben arang aktif dari tempurung kelapa, menganalisis komponen kimia penyebab bau pada kondensat dengan teknik HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) serta menganalisis daya serap beberapa jenis arang aktif dari tempurung kelapa. Arang aktif yang digunakan memiliki daya serap yang bervariasi, yaitu 37-45%, 45-55%, 56-63% dan 70-85%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa arang aktif dari tempurung kelapa dapat digunakan dalam proses pemurnian kondensat dan berdasarkan hasil analisis HPLC (Hig Performance Liquid Chromatography) terdapat tiga senyawa kimia yang menyebabkan bau pada konsendat. Arang aktif yang memiliki kapasitas adsorpsi yang besar yaitu arang aktif dengan daya serap 70-85% mampu menghilangkan bau hingga volume kondensat 4.497mL/g arang aktif

    Uji Metode Olsen Dan Bray Dalam Menganalisis Kandungan Fosfat Tersedia Pada Tanah Sawah Di Desa Konarom Barat Kecamatan Dumoga Utara

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    Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk menentukan konsentrasi fosfat tersedia pada tanah sawah dan membandingkan dua metode ekstraksi fosfat, yaitu metode olsen yang menggunakan reagen NaHCO3 dan metode bray yang menggunakan reagen Bray dan Kurtz. Hasil ekstrak direaksikan dengan pereaksi pewarna fosfat bersama deret standar dan diukur absorbansinya menggunakan spektrofotometer pada panjang gelombang 693 nm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak fosfat tersedia dari metode Olsen menunjukkan hasil konsentrasi yang tinggi berturut–turut 422,861; 771,614; 1389,464; 1607,386; 821,591; dan 1139,925 ppm, sedangkan metode Bray menunjukkan hasil yang lebih rendah berturut-turut 16,102; 13,899; 11,307; 7,181; 7,183; dan 9,073 ppm. Reagen NaHCO3 pada sampel menyebabkan pH naik sehingga banyak fosfat yang terlepas, sedangkan reagen Bray dan Kurtz menyebabkan pH turun dan lebih sedikit fosfat yang terlepas. pH sampel yang bersifat asam menyebabkan metode Bray lebih cocok untuk digunakan daripada metode Olsen karena metode Bray spesifik untuk tanah asam, sedangkan metode Olsen dapat digunakan untuk tanah asam dan basa.A study aimed to determine the concentration of phosphate available to the rice field soil and to compare the two methods of phosphate extraction, which are Olsen that uses NaHCO3 reagent and Bray that uses Bray and Kurtz reagents, had been done. The extract was reacted with phosphate coloring reagent and standards and the absorbance was measured using spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 693 nm. The results showed that the extract of phosphate available using Olsen method showed higher value of concentrations which were 422.861; 771.614; 1389.464; 1607.386; 821.591; and 1139.925 ppm. On the other hand, Bray method showed a lower value which were 16.102; 13.899; 11.307; 7.181; 7.183; and 9.073 ppm. NaHCO3 increased the pH and more phosphate was released, while the Bray and Kurtz reagent decreased the pH and less phosphate was released. Due to the lower pH of the sample, Bray method is more suitable for acidic soils rather than Olsen method because of its specificity for acidic soil, while the Olsen method can be used for acidic and alkaline soil

    Raman spectroscopy: the gateway into tomorrow's virology

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    In the molecular world, researchers act as detectives working hard to unravel the mysteries surrounding cells. One of the researchers' greatest tools in this endeavor has been Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique that measures the unique Raman spectra for every type of biological molecule. As such, Raman spectroscopy has the potential to provide scientists with a library of spectra that can be used to unravel the makeup of an unknown molecule. However, this technique is limited in that it is not able to manipulate particular structures without disturbing their unique environment. Recently, a novel technology that combines Raman spectroscopy with optical tweezers, termed Raman tweezers, evades this problem due to its ability to manipulate a sample without physical contact. As such, Raman tweezers has the potential to become an incredibly effective diagnostic tool for differentially distinguishing tissue, and therefore holds great promise in the field of virology for distinguishing between various virally infected cells. This review provides an introduction for a virologist into the world of spectroscopy and explores many of the potential applications of Raman tweezers in virology. Originally published in Virology Journal, 2006 Vol. 3, No. 51

    Profile of Mangrove Ecosystem in Bahoi Village North Minahasa Regency

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    This study was carried out in mangrove forest of Bahoi, Likupang district, North Minahasa regency. It was aimed at knowing the ecological condition of the mangrove forest. Study stations were selected by determining representatives from each zonation and site condition. Results showed that mangrove species in Bahoi was dominated by Rhizophora mucronata, R. apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, B. cylindrical, and Sonneratia alba, with the highest density in station 1 shown by Rhizophora apiculata, 0.65 ind/m2, then station 2 and 3 by  R. Mucronata, 0.93 and 0,63 ind/m2, respectively.  The highest total density was recorded in station 2, 1.85 ind/40 m2, then station 1, 1.78 ind/40 m2, and station 3, 1.35 ind/40 m2, respectively. As conclusion, the ecological condition of mangrove ecosystem in Bahoi was categorized as good, and aware to be beneficial for the local community in ecological function as abrasion prevention and living environment of the aquatic biota and in economic function from ecotourism aspect, so that it was right to be managed in the form of ecotourism management. Keywords : Mangrove,  Profile, Bahoi Village ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di kawasan mangrove desa Bahoi, Kecamatan Likupang, Kabupaten Minahasa Utara.  Tujuan penelitian, untuk mengetahui kondisi ekologis ekosistem mangrove. Penentuan lokasi stasiun pengamatan dilakukan dengan menentukan perwakilan dari setiap zonasi dan kondisi lokasi sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komposisi jenis mangrove di desa Bahoi didominasi oleh Rhizophora mucronata, R. apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, B. cylindrical, dan Sonneratia alba, dengan kerapatan jenis tertinggi di stasiun 1 diperlihatkan oleh  Rhizophora apiculata (0,65 ind/m2), kemudian pada stasiun 2 dan 3 oleh  R. mucronata (0,93; 0,63 ind/m2).  Kerapatan total tertinggi ditemukan pada stasiun 2, 1.85 ind/40 m2, diikuti oleh stasiun 1 (1.78 ind/40 m2), dan stasiun 3 (1.35 ind/40 m2). Sebagai kesimpulan, kondisi ekologi ekosistem mangrove di Desa Bahoi dikategorikan baik, dan  disadari bermanfaat bagi masyarakat dalam fungsi ekologis sebagai pencegah abrasi dan  tempat hidup biota perairan, serta fungsi ekonomisnya dalam aspek ekowisata, sehingga tepat untuk dikelola dengan bentuk pengelolaan ekowisata.   1 Staf Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Provinsi Sulawesi Utara 2 Staf Pengajar Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan Unsra
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