Ruch w twórczości rysunkowej dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym i wczesnoszkolnym

The article presents theoretical considerations and empirical analyses – based on research conducted among 5–6-year-old preschool children and pupils of early school education (Grades 1–3 of elementary school) – dealing with the issue of the difficult task of illustrating movement in drawings by children. The analysis of 1,471 drawings proved that the children examined by the author generally created pictures which lack in dynamics (51.3%). However, they occasionally undertake to express motion, their attempts being more or less successful. They most frequently do this through drawing bent limbs, different placements of the body, sometimes by application of different sizes of silhouettes or may suggest movement by the use of an arrow, stroke or a streak meant to stress the dynamic character of the situation. Among the less frequently used means, there are representation of a figure in profile, from the side and by bending the trunk of the human body. The research proved also that the sex is a factor which varies the skill of expressing movement in drawings – girls, generally, coping with the task with more expertise than boys. The comparison between the skill of illustrating motion typical of contemporary children and that reported on by researchers in the past points to the fact that today’s children more often undertake to illustrate motion in their pictures than their counterparts examined, for instance, by Stefan Szuman or Bolesław Hornowski about 90 and 50 years ago, respectively. On the whole, technical difficulties do not pose a serious problem for a child attempting self-expression through drawing – he or she will find a way to somehow illustrate movement.W artykule podjęto rozważania teoretyczne, ale także analizy empiryczne – na podstawie badań przeprowadzonych wśród dzieci 5–6-letnich i uczniów edukacji wczesno-szkolnej – nad zagadnieniem trudnej sztuki obrazowania ruchu w rysunku. Analiza 1471 dziecięcych rysunków dowiodła, że badane dzieci na ogół tworzą rysunki, które charakteryzuje brak dynamiki (51,3%), czasem jednak podejmują próby zobrazowania ruchu – mniej lub bardziej udane. Najczęściej dzieci czynią to poprzez zgięcie kończyny, inne ułożenie ciała, czasem stosują zróżnicowanie wielkości sylwetek i sugerują ruch za pomocą strzałek, kresek lub smug podkreślających dynamizm sytuacji, rzadziej zaznaczają ujęcie profilowe i zgięcie korpusu ciała. Ba-dania wykazały również, że płeć jest czynnikiem różnicującym umiejętność obrazowania ruchu w rysunku – dziewczynki na ogół radziły sobie z tym lepiej niż chłopcy. Porównanie umiejętności ujmowania ruchu w rysunku współczesnych dzieci z wynikami badań innych badaczy wskazuje na to, że dzieci badane przez autorkę częściej niż te badane przez Stefana Szumana czy Bolesława Hornowskiego podejmowały w rysunkach próby przedstawiania ruchu. Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, dla dziecka, które pragnie wypowiadać się poprzez rysunek, trudności techniczne nie stanowią poważnego problemu, znajduje ono bowiem sposoby, żeby zobrazować ruch

Stereotyp płci w kontekście pełnionych ról społecznych – w percepcji dzieci starszo-przedszkolnych

In the article, based on interviews with 158 six-year-old children from Opole, attention is paid to the children’s perception of gender in the context of social roles played by men and women. The main aim was to establish children’s perception of the roles. The questions covered an attempt at evaluating whether (and to what extent) the interest in the problem area, which has been present for years now, as well as the broadly expressed need for opposing role stereotypes relating to the sexes, have brought about expected effects in the form of changes in children’s awareness. The results of the study confirm the thesis that the ways in which preschool children see social roles performed by women and men in their professional lives, with reference to duties at home, are not free from gender stereotyping. Still such influence is not as strong as initially assumed. Possibly, the obtained results are the effect of progressing transformation of social consciousness in the sphere of roles played by women and men as well as poorer experience of children at preschool age in comparison with experience of older children. With time gender stereotyping becomes stronger.Postrzeganie płci przez dzieci, podobnie jak przez dorosłych, naznaczone jest stereotypami zbudowanymi na społecznych przekazach i konwencjach. Może się to okazać niekorzystne i przyczyniać się do powstawania nierównych szans w funkcjonowaniu społecznym kobiet i mężczyzn. W oparciu o wywiad przeprowadzony ze 158 dzieci sześcioletnich z Opola w artykule skierowano uwagę na dziecięce postrzeganie płci w kontekście ról społecznych pełnionych przez kobiety i mężczyzn. Stało się to przedmiotem podjętych badań, których główny cel dotyczył ustalenia dziecięcego spojrzenia na role pełnione przez kobiety i mężczyzn. Pytania badawcze obejmowały próbę oceny, czy (i w jakiej mierze) trwające od lat zainteresowanie tematem i szeroko wyrażana potrzeba przeciwstawiania się stereotypizacji ról płciowych przyniosły skutki w postaci zmian w świadomości dzieci. Rezultaty przeprowadzonych badań potwierdzają, że spojrzenie dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym na role społeczne – zawodowe i domowe – kobiet i mężczyzn nie jest wolne od stereotypizacji płciowej, ale jej wpływ nie jest tak duży, jak wstępnie założono. Być może uzyskane wyniki są efektem postępującej transformacji świadomości społecznej w postrzeganiu ról pełnionych przez kobiety i mężczyzn oraz uboższych doświadczeń dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym w porównaniu z tymi, którymi dysponują dzieci starsze, u których z wiekiem wzmacnia się stereotypizacja płci

Developing social competences of children with Down syndrome by playing

The subject of this article is a report from a study on the functioning of children with Down syndrome in a pre-school integration group and the rationality of attending kindergarten. During the research, children with Down syndrome in two groups in a kindergarten in Wrocław were observed. The research started with the thesis that play is the basic form of children’s activity, in which, among others, the social competence of children is shaped. The activity most willingly chosen by children during free play were theatrical forms (role playing, puppet theatres, shadow theatres). The research was conducted for nine months; I was a researcher and educator in this kindergarten.The subject of this article is a report from a study on the functioning of children with Down syndrome in a pre-school integration group and the rationality of attending kindergarten. During the research, children with Down syndrome in two groups in a kindergarten in Wrocław were observed. The research started with the thesis that play is the basic form of children’s activity, in which, among others, the social competence of children is shaped. The activity most willingly chosen by children during free play were theatrical forms (role playing, puppet theatres, shadow theatres). The research was conducted for nine months; I was a researcher and educator in this kindergarten

Samodzielność społeczna dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym

Apart from practical and mental autonomy, the social self-reliance of preschool children constitutes an important aspect of an individual’s attaining independence and school maturity. According to the author, contemporary children sometimes present an insufficient level of social self-reliance, which may hinder them from taking actions and implementing future life roles, especially that of a student, as well as from developing independence and a sense of success. In consequence, this may contribute to lower self-esteem and difficulties in the social functioning of the child. The author supplements theoretical considerations with the results of her own research conducted in preschool education institutions in the Opole region in 2018. An analysis of 530 questionnaires from the observation of five and six-year-old children indicated that most of them attained social self-reliance in the studied areas. There were, however, also children who scored low or very low in the area and who require particular support on their way towards self-reliance. The children had the best results in their engagement and perseverance while performing jobs for others, and the poorest – in the sphere of taking decisions or co-deciding.Apart from practical and mental autonomy, the social self-reliance of preschool children constitutes an important aspect of an individual’s attaining independence and school maturity. According to the author, contemporary children sometimes present an insufficient level of social self-reliance, which may hinder them from taking actions and implementing future life roles, especially that of a student, as well as from developing independence and a sense of success. In consequence, this may contribute to lower self-esteem and difficulties in the social functioning of the child. The author supplements theoretical considerations with the results of her own research conducted in preschool education institutions in the Opole region in 2018. An analysis of 530 questionnaires from the observation of five and six-year-old children indicated that most of them attained social self-reliance in the studied areas. There were, however, also children who scored low or very low in the area and who require particular support on their way towards self-reliance. The children had the best results in their engagement and perseverance while performing jobs for others, and the poorest – in the sphere of taking decisions or co-deciding

Child with Down Syndrome in a peer group.

Agnieszka Jędrzejowska, Child with Down Syndrome in a peer group. Interdisciplinary Contexts of Special Pedagogy, no. 27, Poznań 2019. Pp. 351–372.Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 2300-391X. e-ISSN 2658-283X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ikps.2019.27.16 The attitude towards people with disabilities has changed over the last century. Both deinstitutionalisation as well as integration and normalisation allowed many people with intellectual disabilities to improve their social situation. An example of such a systemic solution supporting the development of disabled persons are integration groups. The subject of this article is a report from a pilot study on the functioning of a group of children with Down syndrome within an integration group. The objective of this study was the presentation of the reasonability of inclusion within the integration group of children with Down’s Syndrome (with the homogeneous dysfunction). Observation and sociometric tests covered children with Down syndrome from two integration groups from kindergarten no. 109 in Wrocław, Poland. I consider the essence of integration, following A. Maciarz, to be the feeling of social bonds experienced by a disabled individual, a sense of belonging to a group, as well as the conviction that one is accepted by it, despite the fact that the standards adopted by their community are not always and not fully met by them. The research was carried out for six months in a kindergarten where I was a special educator.Agnieszka Jędrzejowska, Child with Down Syndrome in a peer group. Interdisciplinary Contexts of Special Pedagogy, no. 27, Poznań 2019. Pp. 351–372.Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 2300-391X. e-ISSN 2658-283X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ikps.2019.27.16 The attitude towards people with disabilities has changed over the last century. Both deinstitutionalisation as well as integration and normalisation allowed many people with intellectual disabilities to improve their social situation. An example of such a systemic solution supporting the development of disabled persons are integration groups. The subject of this article is a report from a pilot study on the functioning of a group of children with Down syndrome within an integration group. The objective of this study was the presentation of the reasonability of inclusion within the integration group of children with Down’s Syndrome (with the homogeneous dysfunction). Observation and sociometric tests covered children with Down syndrome from two integration groups from kindergarten no. 109 in Wrocław, Poland. I consider the essence of integration, following A. Maciarz, to be the feeling of social bonds experienced by a disabled individual, a sense of belonging to a group, as well as the conviction that one is accepted by it, despite the fact that the standards adopted by their community are not always and not fully met by them. The research was carried out for six months in a kindergarten where I was a special educator

Umiejętności komunikacyjne dzieci z zespołem Downa

Agnieszka Jędrzejowska, Umiejętności komunikacyjne dzieci z zespołem Downa [Communication skills of children with Down Syndrome]. Interdyscyplinarne Konteksty Pedagogiki Specjalnej, nr 22, Poznań 2018. Pp. 201-218. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 2300-391X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ikps.2018.22.12 The purpose of this article is to present the results of research concern setting of functional cooperation with the interlocutor in children with Down syndrome in a peer group. Analysis of the results indicates the relationship between methods of therapy and development of children with Down syndrome. The methods of Alterantive and Augmentative Communication (AAC) are important in achieving success in building relationships for children with problems with verbal communication. Secondly, peer group is important to increase social skills. This research show that children with Downe syndrome need similar friends. This leads to the coclussion that group with homogeneous disability is area of development.Agnieszka Jędrzejowska, Umiejętności komunikacyjne dzieci z zespołem Downa [Communication skills of children with Down Syndrome]. Interdyscyplinarne Konteksty Pedagogiki Specjalnej, nr 22, Poznań 2018. Pp. 201-218. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 2300-391X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14746/ikps.2018.22.12 The purpose of this article is to present the results of research concern setting of functional cooperation with the interlocutor in children with Down syndrome in a peer group. Analysis of the results indicates the relationship between methods of therapy and development of children with Down syndrome. The methods of Alterantive and Augmentative Communication (AAC) are important in achieving success in building relationships for children with problems with verbal communication. Secondly, peer group is important to increase social skills. This research show that children with Downe syndrome need similar friends. This leads to the coclussion that group with homogeneous disability is area of development

Correlation of Endostatin and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases 2 (TIMP2) Serum Levels With Cardiovascular Involvement in Systemic Sclerosis Patients

Fibrosis of oesophagus, lungs, heart, and kidney in the course of systemic sclerosis (SSc) may lead to dysfunction of the above organs or even patients death. Recent studies point out the role of angiogenesis and fibrosis disturbances in the pathogenesis of SSc. Heart fibrosis is one of the most important prognostic factors in SSc patients. So, the aim of our study was to examine cardiovascular dysfunction in SSc patients and its correlation with serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), endostatin, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2). The study group comprised 34 patients (19 with limited scleroderma (lSSc) and 15 with diffuse scleroderma (dSSc)). The control group consisted of 20 healthy persons, age and sex matched. Internal organ involvement was assessed on the basis of specialist procedures. Serum VEGF, endostatin, and TIMP2 levels were evaluated by ELISA. We found cardiovascular changes in 15 patients with SSc (8 with lSSc and 7 with dSSc). The observed symptoms were of different characters and also coexisted with each other. Higher endostatin serum levels in all systemic sclerosis patients in comparison to the control group were demonstrated (P < .05). Also higher serum levels of endostatin and TIMP2 were observed in patients with cardiovascular changes in comparison to the patients without such changes (P < .05). The obtained results support the notion that angiogenesis and fibrosis disturbances may play an important role in SSc. Evaluation of endostatin and TIMP2 serum levels seems to be one of the noninvasive, helpful examinations of heart involvement in the course of systemic sclerosis

The role of staining techniques in seminological analysis of mammalian semen

The most important semen parameters are the concentration, motility and morphology of sperm cells. Sperm morphology is regarded as the most reliable parameter for predicting fertility in males. A problem in evaluating sperm morphology and morphometry is the lack of standardization of staining techniques. The staining procedure and reagents used can significantly affect the morphometric parameters of the sperm cell. The use of stains with different pH or osmotic pressure, as well as the duration of the procedure, may influence the shape and size of the sperm, and thus the result of the morphological evaluation of the semen. It is necessary to develop an evaluation procedure for sperm morphology and morphometry that will minimize the changes in the structure of the evaluated semen in relation to the native semen

Cervical dystonia and no oculomotor apraxia as new manifestation of ataxia-telangiectasia-like disorder 1 – case report and review of the literature

Ataxia-telangiectasia-like disorder 1 (ATLD1) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder associated with early onset ataxia and oculomotor apraxia. The genetic determination of ATLD1 is a mutation in the MRE11 gene (meiotic recombination 11 gene), which causes DNA-double strand break repair deficits. Clinical features of patients with ATLD1 resemble those of ataxia telangiectasia (AT), with slower progression and milder presentation. Main symptoms include progressive cerebellar ataxia, oculomotor apraxia, cellular hypersensitivity to ionizing radiations. Facial dyskinesia, dystonia, dysarthria have also been reported. Here we present a 45-year old woman with cervical and facial dystonia, dysarthria and ataxia, who turned out to be the first case of ATLD without oculomotor apraxia, and with dystonia as a main manifestation of the disease. She had presented those non-specific symptoms for years, before whole exome sequencing confirmed the diagnosis