A Educação Ambiental nos cursos de Licenciatura em Geografia no Rio Grande do Norte

Discussing teaching technics that seek to relate knowledge about the environment and the human being is a direct responsibility of national education. In this sense, Environmental Education - at various levels of education, especially in higher education, especially, in teacher preparing – it’s shown as a means of meeting the demand for education to raise awareness of the need to balance the relationship between society and nature. Thus, the present work aims to analyze the approaches and practices in Environmental Education carried out in the Geography Degree courses in public Higher Education Institutions (IES) in Rio Grande do Norte. The methodology was developed in three stages: (I) bibliographic survey (II) data collection from the institutions; (III) questionnaires application for respective courses professors; and (IV) analysis of questionnaires and course plans. The results indicate that the approaches and practices developed by the Geography Degree courses teachers in RN, from the analyzed institutions, should not be restricted to a single curricular component, but also be present in other courses components and in the activities that involve research and extension, in an inter and transdisciplinary way.Discutir formas de ensino que busquem relacionar o conhecimento sobre o meio ambiente e o ser humano é responsabilidade direta da educação nacional. Nesse sentido, a Educação Ambiental – nos variados níveis de ensino, principalmente no ensino superior, em particular, na formação docente – se mostra como um meio de atender a demanda de ensino para a conscientização da necessidade de haver equilíbrio das relações entre sociedade-natureza. Desse modo, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as abordagens e práticas em Educação Ambiental realizadas nos cursos de Licenciatura em Geografia nas Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) públicas do Rio Grande do Norte. A metodologia foi desenvolvida em três etapas: (I) levantamento bibliográfico (II) levantamento de dados junto às instituições; (III) aplicação de questionários com os docentes dos respectivos cursos; e (IV) análise dos questionários e dos planos de curso. Os resultados apontam que as abordagens e práticas desenvolvidas pelos docentes nos cursos de Licenciatura em Geografia do RN, das instituições analisadas, não devem restringir-se a um único componente curricular, mas também se fazerem presentes nos demais componentes dos cursos e nas demais atividades que envolvem pesquisa e extensão, de forma inter e transdisciplinar

Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre Diagnóstico e Tratamento de Pacientes com Cardiomiopatia da Doença de Chagas

This guideline aimed to update the concepts and formulate the standards of conduct and scientific evidence that support them, regarding the diagnosis and treatment of the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease, with special emphasis on the rationality base that supported it.  Chagas disease in the 21st century maintains an epidemiological pattern of endemicity in 21 Latin American countries. Researchers and managers from endemic and non-endemic countries point to the need to adopt comprehensive public health policies to effectively control the interhuman transmission of T. cruzi infection, and to obtain an optimized level of care for already infected individuals, focusing on diagnostic and therapeutic opportunistic opportunities.   Pathogenic and pathophysiological mechanisms of the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease were revisited after in-depth updating and the notion that necrosis and fibrosis are stimulated by tissue parasitic persistence and adverse immune reaction, as fundamental mechanisms, assisted by autonomic and microvascular disorders, was well established. Some of them have recently formed potential targets of therapies.  The natural history of the acute and chronic phases was reviewed, with enhancement for oral transmission, indeterminate form and chronic syndromes. Recent meta-analyses of observational studies have estimated the risk of evolution from acute and indeterminate forms and mortality after chronic cardiomyopathy. Therapeutic approaches applicable to individuals with Indeterminate form of Chagas disease were specifically addressed. All methods to detect structural and/or functional alterations with various cardiac imaging techniques were also reviewed, with recommendations for use in various clinical scenarios. Mortality risk stratification based on the Rassi score, with recent studies of its application, was complemented by methods that detect myocardial fibrosis.  The current methodology for etiological diagnosis and the consequent implications of trypanonomic treatment deserved a comprehensive and in-depth approach. Also the treatment of patients at risk or with heart failure, arrhythmias and thromboembolic events, based on pharmacological and complementary resources, received special attention. Additional chapters supported the conducts applicable to several special contexts, including t. cruzi/HIV co-infection, risk during surgeries, in pregnant women, in the reactivation of infection after heart transplantation, and others.     Finally, two chapters of great social significance, addressing the structuring of specialized services to care for individuals with the Cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease, and reviewing the concepts of severe heart disease and its medical-labor implications completed this guideline.Esta diretriz teve como objetivo principal atualizar os conceitos e formular as normas de conduta e evidências científicas que as suportam, quanto ao diagnóstico e tratamento da CDC, com especial ênfase na base de racionalidade que a embasou. A DC no século XXI mantém padrão epidemiológico de endemicidade em 21 países da América Latina. Investigadores e gestores de países endêmicos e não endêmicos indigitam a necessidade de se adotarem políticas abrangentes, de saúde pública, para controle eficaz da transmissão inter-humanos da infecção pelo T. cruzi, e obter-se nível otimizado de atendimento aos indivíduos já infectados, com foco em oportunização diagnóstica e terapêutica. Mecanismos patogênicos e fisiopatológicos da CDC foram revisitados após atualização aprofundada e ficou bem consolidada a noção de que necrose e fibrose sejam estimuladas pela persistência parasitária tissular e reação imune adversa, como mecanismos fundamentais, coadjuvados por distúrbios autonômicos e microvasculares. Alguns deles recentemente constituíram alvos potenciais de terapêuticas. A história natural das fases aguda e crônica foi revista, com realce para a transmissão oral, a forma indeterminada e as síndromes crônicas. Metanálises recentes de estudos observacionais estimaram o risco de evolução a partir das formas aguda e indeterminada e de mortalidade após instalação da cardiomiopatia crônica. Condutas terapêuticas aplicáveis aos indivíduos com a FIDC foram abordadas especificamente. Todos os métodos para detectar alterações estruturais e/ou funcionais com variadas técnicas de imageamento cardíaco também foram revisados, com recomendações de uso nos vários cenários clínicos. Estratificação de risco de mortalidade fundamentada no escore de Rassi, com estudos recentes de sua aplicação, foi complementada por métodos que detectam fibrose miocárdica. A metodologia atual para diagnóstico etiológico e as consequentes implicações do tratamento tripanossomicida mereceram enfoque abrangente e aprofundado. Também o tratamento de pacientes em risco ou com insuficiência cardíaca, arritmias e eventos tromboembólicos, baseado em recursos farmacológicos e complementares, recebeu especial atenção. Capítulos suplementares subsidiaram as condutas aplicáveis a diversos contextos especiais, entre eles o da co-infecção por T. cruzi/HIV, risco durante cirurgias, em grávidas, na reativação da infecção após transplante cardíacos, e outros.    Por fim, dois capítulos de grande significado social, abordando a estruturação de serviços especializados para atendimento aos indivíduos com a CDC, e revisando os conceitos de cardiopatia grave e suas implicações médico-trabalhistas completaram esta diretriz.&nbsp

Gestão dos recursos hídricos no Rio Grande do Norte

The high demand for water resources needs more management systems efficiency and quick responses, especially in places with high variability and water shortages. In a scenario of low availability of water resources, States like Ceara, Pernambuco, Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte must constantly seek solutions to mitigate difficulties related to the collection and distribution of water. In this context, the complexity of water management in Rio Grande do Norte requires the participation of all segments of society in an orderly and solidarity manner. The State as an articulator of grants, funding and emergency actions related to supplies and conflicts by the use of water has a structure enclosed with state agencies articulated to other sectors responsible for such actions. In this sense, this paper presents the institutional organization of the water resources management of Rio Grande do Norte, showing its various aspects. In order to conduct the research, legal instruments were consulted, specifically to the management of water resources, review of scientific articles, fieldwork and interviews with representatives of representatives that make up the water management. The results show that there is still a lack of understanding as to the functions of some participating entities in the management of water resources, especially municipalities, State agencies and users. At the same time, it is possible to observe that the actions of management in the State have been concentrated in the construction of dams, pipelines, drilling and installation of desalinator, as a way to ensure water security for multiple uses. Finally, it is clear that the actions deployed by the State, over time, have maintained the basic care of water supply to the population, yet still need to consolidate the physical infrastructure and management to be assured access to water by several users

Gestão dos recursos hídricos no Rio Grande do Norte

The high demand for water resources needs more management systems efficiency and quick responses, especially in places with high variability and water shortages. In a scenario of low availability of water resources, States like Ceara, Pernambuco, Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte must constantly seek solutions to mitigate difficulties related to the collection and distribution of water. In this context, the complexity of water management in Rio Grande do Norte requires the participation of all segments of society in an orderly and solidarity manner. The State as an articulator of grants, funding and emergency actions related to supplies and conflicts by the use of water has a structure enclosed with state agencies articulated to other sectors responsible for such actions. In this sense, this paper presents the institutional organization of the water resources management of Rio Grande do Norte, showing its various aspects. In order to conduct the research, legal instruments were consulted, specifically to the management of water resources, review of scientific articles, fieldwork and interviews with representatives of representatives that make up the water management. The results show that there is still a lack of understanding as to the functions of some participating entities in the management of water resources, especially municipalities, State agencies and users. At the same time, it is possible to observe that the actions of management in the State have been concentrated in the construction of dams, pipelines, drilling and installation of desalinator, as a way to ensure water security for multiple uses. Finally, it is clear that the actions deployed by the State, over time, have maintained the basic care of water supply to the population, yet still need to consolidate the physical infrastructure and management to be assured access to water by several users

In silico improvement of the cyanobacterial lectin microvirin and mannose interaction

Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) ICAAF 099/2014; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) 311686/2015-0.Universidade Federal do Pará. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular. Belém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Pará. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular. Belém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Pará. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular. Belém, PA, Brazil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Pará. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular. Belém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Pará. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular. Belém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Pará. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular. Belém, PA, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Pará. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular. Belém, PA, Brazil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Pará. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular. Belém, PA, Brazil.Lectins that bind to HIV envelope glycoprotein can inhibit virus-cell fusion and be used for rational drug design. This paper presents the results of anin silicoapproach to improve affinity interaction between the cyanobacterial lectin microvirin and its ligand Man alpha(1-2)Man. Comparative modeling and molecular dynamics tools were used. Additionally, the alanine scanning webserver was used to study the importance of protein residues in the binding site and to guide mutant production. The model obtained presented two homologous domains designated as domains A and B, each consisting of a single strand with triple and antiparallel beta-sheets of (beta 1-beta 3 and beta 6-beta 8). Disulfide bonds between the cysteines (Cys60-Cys80, Cys63-Cys78 and Cys8-Cys24) were also found. The highly conserved binding site, including residues Asn44, Ile45, Asp46, Gln54, Asn55, Glu58, Thr59, Gln81, Thr82 and Met83. The RMSD values of the di-mannose and the interaction site were very stable during the molecular dynamics. Calculations of the occupation time of the hydrogen bonds were made for the residues that showed interaction in the complex lectin and ligand. The residue that contributed most to the interaction with Man alpha(1-2)Man was Asn55. After validation, the model generated remained stable during the entire simulation. Despite its structural similarity with the template we used, our mutant (Thr82Arg) showed a higher affinity interaction with Man alpha(1-2)Man