THE CONTENT OF TOTAL CADMIUM AND ITS FRACTIONS IN ARABLE LAND OF THE PODLASIE PROVINCE

The aim of this study was estimation of total cadmium content and its fractional composition in arable soils, depending on their physicochemical properties. The research material consisted of samples taken from arable soil in 81 points within then Podlasie Province. The content of total cadmium in soils and its fractional composition was determined with the BCR method. It was found that the total content of cadmium was typical for uncontaminated soils and ranged from 0.11 to 1.59 mg kg-1. The percentage of acid in the soluble and exchangeable fraction fluctuated at around 10% on average. The reducible fraction comprised about 20% and oxidizable fraction 26%, on average. Most of the cadmium was in the residual fraction. The factors that influenced the fractional composition of cadmium were determined. For the very light and light soils it was mainly the content of magnesium and pH, while for medium soils it was the organic carbon and magnesium content, content of soil fraction <0.02 mm, as well as the percentage of Cd in reducible fraction. Celem pracy było określenie zawartości ogólnej kadmu i jego składu frakcyjnego w glebach ornych w zależności od ich właściwości fizykochemicznych. Badania wykonano w oparciu o 81 próbek gleb uprawnych pobranych w woj. podlaskim. Określono w nich zawartość ogólną kadmu i jego skład frakcyjny metodą BCR. Zawartość ogólna kadmu była typowa dla gleb niezanieczyszczonych i wahała się w przedziale od 0,11 do 1,59 mg kg-1. Udział kadmu we frakcji rozpuszczalnej w kwasach i wymienialnej wynosił średnio około 10%, we frakcji redukowalnej średnio około 20% i we frakcji utlenialnej średnio 26%. Najwięcej kadmu zgromadziła frakcja rezydualna. Określono czynniki, które wpływały na dystrybucję kadmu pomiędzy frakcjami. W przypadku gleb bardzo lekkich i lekkich największy wpływ miała zawartość magnezu i pH, a w przypadku gleb średnich zawartość magnezu, węgla organicznego, frakcji spławianych i udział procentowy kadmu we frakcji redukowalnej

Estimation of Copper Content and its Fractional Composition in Arable Soils

The aim of this study was estimation of total copper content and its fractional composition in arable soils in the Podlasie Province. It was found that total content of copper was typical for uncontaminated soils. In very light and light soils, more copper in available and potentially available fractions has been noted, by contrast in medium soils – in residual fraction which is unavailable for plants

Rozwój infrastruktury drogowej na obszarach cennych przyrodniczo – zrównoważone projektowanie

The paper contains analysis of the problems of sustainable development in terms of road infrastructure development in environmentally valuable areas. We have seen a dynamic development of roads and related engineering objects in the last several years. The aim of the paper is to discuss the issues of sustainable development (and inaccuracies in terms of environmental conditions) influencing on the solution of engineering objects of road infrastructure, including bridges, carried out in the areas of National Parks and Natura 2000 areas. The article presents problems associated with a number of road investments designed and implemented in North-Eastern Poland, for which the authors developed Reports on the environmental impact. They also referred to the road building on protected areas from other countries. Problems arising from the lack of understanding of the preconditions for sustainable development, and on the other hand, construction and building conditions, have been presented. Differences between the approaches of road construction engineers and the requirements deriving from environmental regulations in these areas, have been also elucidated. Solutions making possible to reconcile designers with environmentalists have been pointed out. Analysis of these investments gave the plane to formulate questions and key comments for the solution of problems at the stage of road designing in protected areas. A proper understanding of these issues provides an opportunity to design the environmentally friendly, and at the same time, functional and safe road facilities.W artykule przeprowadzono analizę problematyki zrównoważonego rozwoju w kontekście budowy infrastruktury drogowej na obszarach cennych przyrodniczo. W ciągu ostatnich kilku lat obserwujemy dynamiczny rozwój dróg i związanych z nimi obiektów inżynierskich. Celem pracy jest dyskusja, jak perspektywa rozwoju zrównoważonego wpływa na przyjmowane rozwiązania odnoszące się do obiektów inżynieryjnych infrastruktury drogowej, z uwzględnieniem mostów, na obszarach parków narodowych i obszarów Natura 2000. Przedstawiono problemy dostrzeżone przy wielu inwestycjach drogowych zaprojektowanych i realizowanych w płn.-wsch. Polsce, dla których autorzy przygotowali Raporty o wpływie na środowisko. Omówiono także podobne przypadki z innych krajów. Zwrócono uwagę na problemy wynikające z niezrozumienia uwarunkowań rozwoju zrównoważonego, a także konstrukcji i warunków budowlanych. Ukazano różne podejścia do inżynierii budowy dróg i wymagania wynikające z regulacji ochrony przyrody. Analiza tych inwestycji umożliwiła sformułowanie pytań i kluczowych wyjaśnień odnoszących się właściwego rozwiązywania problemów na poziomie projektowania dróg na obszarach chronionych. Właściwe zrozumienie tych spraw daje szansę na projektowanie prośrodowiskowych, a zarazem funkcjonalnych i bezpiecznych dróg

ORGANIC WASTE AS A SUBSTRAT IN BIOGAS PRODUCTION

The aim of study was demonstration of dependence of produced biogas on batch composition as agricultural waste. Research was conducted in biogas power plant Biogas Adler, which was the first agricultural biogas plant built in Podlaskie province. The analysis showed in analyzed biogas production of biogas from waste from agricultural activity, is a good way of their utilization, while producing heat and electricity. Among the three analyzed substrates the highest efficiency of biogas production is characterized by corn silage and manure. Potato pulp significantly reduces the efficiency of biogas production. Independently of the composition and quality of substrates, to produce 1 MWh of the biogas plant consumes approx. 457 m3 of biogas

An ultrasound-assisted procedure for fast screening of mobile fractions of Cd, Pb and Ni in soil. Insight into method optimization and validation

A fast ultrasound-assisted sequential extraction (UASE) procedure for the determination of cadmium, lead and nickel fractions in soil was developed and fully validated. The working parameters of an ultrasound probe were optimized by comparing the content of metals in soil extracts obtained by the UASE procedure with that obtained by the conventional (with the aid of a vertical rotor) modified Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) procedure. The content of metals in soil fractions was determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The total time of extraction of metals from soil was shorten from 48 h to 27 min (total sonication time). The trueness of the developed method was confirmed by analysis of the certified reference material BCR701. In order to indicate critical points of the developed UASE method, uncertainties of fractionation results were calculated and compared with those calculated for conventional modified BCR procedure. The method usefulness was tested for the determination of metal fractions in different types of soil collected in the Podlasie Province (Poland). The proposed procedure could be used for fast screening of mobile fractions of several heavy metals in soil.Barbara Leśniewska: [email protected] Leśniewska - Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Białystok, PolandMarta Krymska - Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Białystok, PolandEwelina Świerad - Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Białystok, PolandJózefa Wiater - Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Białystok, PolandBeata Godlewska-Żyłkiewicz - Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Białystok, PolandAhmad MS, Ashraf M (2011) Essential roles and hazardous effects of nickel in plants. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 214:125–167.Andresen E, Küpper H (2013) Cadmium toxicity in plants. 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Talanta 66:1122–1130.Castillo ML, Vereda Alonso E, Siles Cordero MT, Cano Pavon JM, Garcia de Torres A (2011) Fractionation of heavy metals in sediment by using microwave assisted sequential extraction procedure and determination by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Microchem J 98:234–239.Davidson CM, Delevoye G (2001) Effect of ultrasonic agitation on the release of copper, iron, manganese and zinc from soil and sediment using the BCR three stage sequential extraction. J Environ Monit 3: 398–403.European Union emission inventory report 1990–2013 under the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP), EEA Technical report No 8/2015, European Environment Agency.Evaluation of measurement data—guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement. 2008. JCGM 100.Fijałkowski K, Kacprzyk M, Grobelak A, Placek A (2012) The influence of selected soil parameters on the mobility of heavy metals in soils. Environ Prot Eng 15:81–92.Garcia-Casillas D, Garcia-Salgado S, Quijano MA (2014) Accuracy evaluation of ultrasound probe sonication and microwave-assisted extraction systems for rapid single extraction of metals in soil. Anal Methods 6:8403–8412.Gleyses C, Tellier S, Astruc M (2002) Fractionation studies of trace elements in contaminated soils and sediments: a review of sequential extraction procedures. Trends Anal Chem 21:451–467.Greenway GM, Song QJ (2002) An ultrasound accelerated sequential extraction method and its application for element partitioning studies in compost from mixed waste streams. J Environ Monit 4:950–955.Ipolyi I, Brunori C, Cremisini C, Fodor P, Macaluso L, Morabito R (2002) Evaluation of performance of time-saving extraction devices in the BCR three-step sequential extraction procedure. J Environ Monit 4:541–548.ISO 11466:1995 Soil quality—extraction of trace elements soluble in aqua regia.ISO/IEC 17025:2005 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories.Kazi TG, Jamali MK, Siddiqui A, Kazi GH, Arain MB, Afridi HI (2006) An ultrasonic assisted extraction method to release heavy metals from untreated sewage sludge samples. Chemosphere 63:411–420.Kazi TG, Jamali MK, Arain MB, Afridi HI, Jalbani N, Sarfraz RA, Ansari R (2009) Evaluation of an ultrasonic acid digestion procedure for total heavy metals determination in environmental and biological samples. J Hazard Mater 161:1391–1398.Krasnodębska-Ostręga B, Kaczorowska M, Golimowski J (2006) Ultrasound-assisted extraction for the evaluation of element mobility in bottom sediment collected at mining and smelting Pb–Zn ores area in Poland. Microchim Acta 154:39–43.Leśniewska B, Świerad E, Łukowski A, Wiater J, Godlewska-Żyłkiewicz B (2014) Ultrasound assisted extraction for determination of mobile fractions of copper in soil. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 65:67–74.Leśniewska B, Kisielewska K, Wiater J, Godlewska-Żyłkiewicz B (2016) Fast and simple procedure for fractionation of zinc in soil using an ultrasound probe and FAAS detection. Validation of the analytical method and evaluation of the uncertainty budget. Environ Monit Assess 188:29.Łukowski A, Wiater J, Leśniewska B (2013) Content and fractional composition of nickel in arable soils depending on physicochemical properties. Ecol Chem Eng A 20:1431–1439.Ordinance of the Minister of Environment of Poland (2002) Concerning soil quality standards and earth quality standards. Official Journal 165(1359):10561–10564Penilla S, Bordas F, Bollinger J-C (2005) Sequential heavy metals extraction from polluted solids: influence of sulfate overconcentration. J Coll Interface Sci 292:20–28.Pérez G, Valiente M, Bendicho C (2008) A comparative study of metal readsorption in the application of a three-stage sequential extraction scheme and two accelerated versions (ultrasonic and single extractions). Open Anal Chem J 2:40–46.Pérez-Cid B, Lavilla I, Bendicho C (1998) Speeding up of a three-stage sequential extraction method for metal speciation using focused ultrasound. Anal Chim Acta 360:35–41.Pérez-Cid B, Lavilla I, Bendicho C (1999) Comparison between conventional and ultrasound accelerated Tessier sequential extraction schemes for metal fractionation in sewage sludge. Fresenius J Anal Chem 363:667–672.Pourrut B, Shahid M, Dumat C, Winterton P, Pinelli E (2011) Lead uptake, toxicity, and detoxification in plants. 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Changes in the C:N Ratio in the Sludge Treated with Natural Methods

The aim of the study was to evaluate the changes in the carbon/nitrogen ratio as a result of different natural methods of sewage sludge treatment from two municipal wastewater treatment plants. The sludge from the first treatment plant was poured into two lagoons, one covered with reed and the other with willow and a field with Californian earthworms. The sludge from the second treatment plant was composted with sawdust. The sludge processed with each method was simultaneously subjected to Effective Microorganisms. The samples of processed sludge from both treatment plants were collected three times. In the first one, after five weeks, four months and ten months from the beginning of treatment. The material from the second treatment plant was composted after four, ten weeks and a year of composting. In the samples taken, the total nitrogen content was determined by means of the Kjeldahl method. The determination of the organic carbon content was carried out on a TOC analyser. The C:N ratio was then calculated. It was found that the changes in the C:N ratio depended on the duration of individual processes, and to a lesser extent on the way they were processed. The carbon content during sludge processing increased or remained at a similar level and the nitrogen content decreased with time of their processing, regardless of the EM addition. The addition of Effective Microorganisms to the sludge treatment reduced the C:N ratio in the first period of time and increased this ratio to the optimal value after 10 months or a year. The best technology for sludge processing appeared to be the technology of heap composting with sawdust and with aeration. The ten-week compost had a suitable C/N ratio for use in lawn production

Sequential Analysis of Phosphorus Compounds Contained in the Substrates and the Digestate

The aim of this study was to determine the properties of the components used for fermentation and digestate. The content of phosphorus and its fraction in the substrate mixture undergoing fermentation in the real agricultural biogas plant and in the digestate was determined. The research was carried out based on substrate and digestate samples from an agricultural biogas plant with a production capacity of up to 1 MW (Mega Watt). The biogas plant operates in a continuous system. To ensure optimal operating conditions of the installation, it is necessary to provide substrates with appropriate quality and composition throughout the year. The substrate consists mainly of maize silage, poultry manure and potato pulp. In the study, samples of individual substrates and digestate were taken in four terms. The time of collection depended on the fraction of individual substrates in the charge composition. In the first term, the fraction of three substrates in the orchard was as follows: 79%—maize silage, 15%—poultry manure, and 6%—potato pulp. In the second term, it reached 82%, 10% and 8%, respectively, in the third 83%, 8% and 9%, and the fourth 80%, 6% and 14%. Eight samples of the substrates and digestate were collected every time. The samples were determined considering the content of dry matter, organic matter and the total content of phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, potassium, nitrogen, iron, and the pH value. After drying the samples, the fractions were determined by the phosphorus method with the Sequential Chang–Jackson extraction with subsequent modifications by Petersen and Corey. Measurements were made using the ICP-AES method. The following fractions were isolated: P-lab. (labile) labile phosphorus, P-Al phosphorus in aluminium phosphates, P-Fe phosphorus in gel phosphates, P-red.(reduced), P-ok. (occluded) the fraction of occluded phosphates absorbed on the surface of mineral particles, P-Ca phosphorus in calcium phosphates. It was found that the physicochemical composition of the feed and digestate was determined by the content of about 80% of maize silage in fermented substrates. The addition of substrates in the form of poultry manure and potato pulp influenced the content of total phosphorus and slightly modified the content of individual fractions in it. The fermentation process, to some extent, decreased the share of fraction I (mobile) and fraction II (combined with aluminium), increased the share of fraction VI (combination with calcium) and had no significant effect on the others. Digestate is a material rich in macronutrients and should be used as a fertilizer. The dosage of digestate used for fertilisation should be preceded by a knowledge of the soils and the requirements of the cultivated plants in order to prevent mobile phosphorus fractions from entering surface waters and increasing the eutrophication process