1,253 research outputs found
Individual attitudes towards trade: Stolper-Samuelson revisited
This paper studies to what extent individuals form their preferences towards trade policies along the lines of the Stolper-Samuelson logic. We employ a novel international survey data set with an extensive coverage of high-, middle-, and low-income countries, address a subtle methodological shortcoming in previous studies and condition on aspects of individualenlightenment. We find statistically significant and economically large Stolper-Samuelson effects. In the United States, being high-skilled increases an individual's probability of favoring free trade by up to twelve percentage points, other things equal. In Ethiopia, the effect amounts to eight percentage points, but in exactly the opposite direction. --Trade policy,Voter preferences,Political economy
A Goldstone Theorem in Thermal Relativistic Quantum Field Theory
We prove a Goldstone Theorem in thermal relativistic quantum field theory,
which relates spontaneous symmetry breaking to the rate of space-like decay of
the two-point function. The critical rate of fall-off coincides with that of
the massless free scalar field theory. Related results and open problems are
briefly discussed
The Reeh-Schlieder property for thermal field theories
We show that the Reeh-Schlieder property w.r.t. the KMS-vector is a direct
consequence of locality, additivity and the relativistic KMS-condition. The
latter characterises the thermal equilibrium states of a relativistic quantum
field theory. The statement remains vaild even if the given equilibrium state
breaks spatial translation invariance.Comment: plain tex, 10 page
Mapping Spikes to Sensations
Single-unit recordings conducted during perceptual decision-making tasks have yielded tremendous insights into the neural coding of sensory stimuli. In such experiments, detection or discrimination behavior (the psychometric data) is observed in parallel with spike trains in sensory neurons (the neurometric data). Frequently, candidate neural codes for information read-out are pitted against each other by transforming the neurometric data in some way and asking which code’s performance most closely approximates the psychometric performance. The code that matches the psychometric performance best is retained as a viable candidate and the others are rejected. In following this strategy, psychometric data is often considered to provide an unbiased measure of perceptual sensitivity. It is rarely acknowledged that psychometric data result from a complex interplay of sensory and non-sensory processes and that neglect of these processes may result in misestimating psychophysical sensitivity. This again may lead to erroneous conclusions regarding the adequacy of candidate neural codes. In this review, we first discuss requirements on the neural data for a subsequent neurometric-psychometric comparison. We then focus on different psychophysical tasks for the assessment of detection and discrimination performance and the cognitive processes that may underlie their execution. We discuss further factors that may compromise psychometric performance and how they can be detected or avoided. We believe that these considerations point to shortcomings in our understanding of the processes underlying perceptual decisions, and therefore offer potential for future research
On the mixing property for a class of states of relativistic quantum fields
Let be a factor state on the quasi-local algebra of
observables generated by a relativistic quantum field, which in addition
satisfies certain regularity conditions (satisfied by ground states and the
recently constructed thermal states of the theory). We prove that
there exist space and time translation invariant states, some of which are
arbitrarily close to in the weak* topology, for which the time
evolution is weakly asymptotically abelian
Influence of local surface albedo variability and ice crystal shape on passive remote sensing of thin cirrus
Airborne measurements of solar spectral radiance reflected by cirrus are
performed with the HALO-Solar Radiation (HALO-SR) instrument onboard the High
Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft (HALO) in November 2010. The data
are used to quantify the influence of surface albedo variability on the
retrieval of cirrus optical thickness and crystal effective radius. The
applied retrieval of cirrus optical properties is based on a standard two-wavelength approach utilizing measured and simulated reflected radiance in
the visible and near-infrared spectral region. Frequency distributions of the
surface albedos from Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)
satellite observations are used to compile surface-albedo-dependent lookup
tables of reflected radiance. For each assumed surface albedo the cirrus
optical thickness and effective crystal radius are retrieved as a function of
the assumed surface albedo. The results for the cirrus optical thickness are
compared to measurements from the High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL). The
uncertainty in cirrus optical thickness due to local variability of surface
albedo in the specific case study investigated here is below 0.1 and thus
less than that caused by the measurement uncertainty of both instruments. It
is concluded that for the retrieval of cirrus optical thickness the surface
albedo variability is negligible. However, for the retrieval of crystal effective
radius, the surface albedo variability is of major importance,
introducing uncertainties up to 50%. Furthermore, the influence of the
bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) on the retrieval of
crystal effective radius was investigated and quantified with uncertainties
below 10%, which ranges below the uncertainty caused by the surface albedo
variability. The comparison with the independent lidar data allowed for
investigation of the role of the crystal shape in the retrieval. It is found that
if assuming aggregate ice crystals, the HSRL observations fit best with the
retrieved optical thickness from HALO-SR
Individual Attitudes Towards Trade: Stolper-Samuelson Revisited
This paper studies to what extent individuals form their preferences towards trade policies along the lines of the Stolper-Samuelson logic. We employ a novel international survey data set with an extensive coverage of high-, middle-, and low-income countries, address a subtle methodological shortcoming in previous studies and condition on aspects of individual “enlightenment”. We find statistically significant and economically large Stolper-Samuelson effects. In the United States, being high-skilled increases an individual’s probability of favoring free trade by up to twelve percentage points, other things equal. In Ethiopia, the effect amounts to eight percentage points, but in exactly the opposite direction
Multiscale biofabrication : integrating additive manufacturing with DNA‐programmable self‐assembly
Structure and hierarchical organization are crucial elements of biological systems and are likely required when engineering synthetic biomaterials with life‐like behavior. In this context, additive manufacturing techniques like bioprinting have become increasingly popular. However, 3D bioprinting, as well as other additive manufacturing techniques, show limited resolution, making it difficult to yield structures on the sub‐cellular level. To be able to form macroscopic synthetic biological objects with structuring on this level, manufacturing techniques have to be used in conjunction with biomolecular nanotechnology. Here, a short overview of both topics and a survey of recent advances to combine additive manufacturing with microfabrication techniques and bottom‐up self‐assembly involving DNA, are given.Free State of Bavaria under the Excellence Strategy of the Federal GovernmentProjekt DEA
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