ダイ49ジ ニホン ナンキョク チイキ カンソクタイ キショウ ブモン ホウコク 2008

この報告は第49次日本南極地域観測隊気象部門が,2008年2月1日から2009年1月27日までの越冬期間中に昭和基地において行った気象観測結果をまとめたものである.観測方法・測器・統計方法などは第48次隊とほぼ同様である. 越冬期間中,特記される気象現象として,次のものが挙げられる. 1)9月1日,175 hPaから上層のすべての気圧面で,9月としての最低気温の極値を更新した. 2)地上気象観測において,10月の平均気温は-17.5°Cと低く,これまでの平均値として最も低い極値(2007年までの記録は1991年10月の-16.1°C)を更新した. 3)昭和基地上空のオゾン全量は,8月下旬から11月下旬までオゾンホールの目安となる220 m atm-cmをほぼ継続的に下回った.特に9月中旬から10月中旬にかけてオゾン全量が非常に少なく,10月16日には2008年でも最小値である140 m atm-cmを記録した (2007年までの最小値は2006年10月17日の114 m atm-cm).This report describes the result of meteorological observations at Syowa Station by the Meteorological Observation Team of the 49th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE-49) during the period 1 February 2008 to 27 January 2009. The observation methods, instruments, and statistical methods used by the JARE-49 team are nearly the same as those used by the JARE-48 observation team. Remarkable weather phenomena observed during the period of JARE-49 are as follows. 1) On 1 September 2008, the record minimum temperature for September was observed in the upper atmosphere (pressure greater than 175 hPa). 2) The monthly mean temperature at Syowa Station during October 2008 was -17.5°C; this is the lowest monthly mean October temperature recorded at Syowa Station. 3) The total ozone over Syowa Station was less than or equal to 220 m atm-cm during the period from late August to late November, and was close to minimum levels during the period from mid-September to mid-October. The lowest total ozone in 2008, recorded on 16 October 2008, was 140 m atm-cm

Use of automatic radiosonde launchers to measure temperature and humidity profiles from the GRUAN perspective

In the last two decades, technological progress has not only seen improvements to the quality of atmospheric upper-air observations but also provided the opportunity to design and implement automated systems able to replace measurement procedures typically performed manually. Radiosoundings, which remain one of the primary data sources for weather and climate applications, are still largely performed around the world manually, although increasingly fully automated upper-air observations are used, from urban areas to the remotest locations, which minimize operating costs and challenges in performing radiosounding launches. This analysis presents a first step to demonstrating the reliability of the automatic radiosonde launchers (ARLs) provided by Vaisala, Meteomodem and Meisei. The metadata and datasets collected by a few existing ARLs operated by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN) certified or candidate sites (Sodankylä, Payerne, Trappes, Potenza) have been investigated and a comparative analysis of the technical performance (i.e. manual versus ARL) is reported. The performance of ARLs is evaluated as being similar or superior to those achieved with the traditional manual launches in terms of percentage of successful launches, balloon burst and ascent speed. For both temperature and relative humidity, the ground-check comparisons showed a negative bias of a few tenths of a degree and % RH, respectively. Two datasets of parallel soundings between manual and ARL-based measurements, using identical sonde models, provided by Sodankylä and Faa'a stations, showed mean differences between the ARL and manual launches smaller than ±0.2 K up to 10 hPa for the temperature profiles. For relative humidity, differences were smaller than 1 % RH for the Sodankylä dataset up to 300 hPa, while they were smaller than 0.7 % RH for Faa'a station. Finally, the observation-minus-background (O–B) mean and root mean square (rms) statistics for German RS92 and RS41 stations, which operate a mix of manual and ARL launch protocols, calculated using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) forecast model, are very similar, although RS41 shows larger rms(O–B) differences for ARL stations, in particular for temperature and wind. A discussion of the potential next steps proposed by GRUAN community and other parties is provided, with the aim to lay the basis for the elaboration of a strategy to fully demonstrate the value of ARLs and guarantee that the provided products are traceable and suitable for the creation of GRUAN data products

コガタ クライオサンプラー ヲ モチイタ ショウワキチ デノ セイソウケン タイキ サイシュ ジッケン ダイ49ジタイ ジッケン ホウコク

第49次南極地域観測隊(第49次隊)夏期間に昭和基地において,新たに開発した小型クライオサンプラーを用いた成層圏大気採取実験を実施した.小型クライオサンプラーは高圧ネオンガスを断熱膨張させて液体ネオンを製造し,希薄な成層圏大気を固化・液化採取するものであり,既存の大型サンプラーが必要とした液体ヘリウムが不要であること,小型軽量であるために満膨張時容積1000-2000 m3の小型プラスチック気球を用いて成層圏まで飛揚させることが可能であるという特徴がある.2007年12月30日と2008年1月4日に計4機の小型サンプラーを放球し,すべて回収に成功した.そのうち,2機は高度18 km及び25kmの成層圏大気の採取に成功した.採取された大気試料は国内に持ち帰られた後,各種温室効果気体濃度と同位体比の分析が行われた.As a part of summer observations of the 49th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition, stratospheric whole air sampling experiments were conducted at Syowa Station using newly developed compact cryogenic air samplers. The compact sampler uses liquefied neon (produced in-situ) as a refrigerant to solidify or liquefy atmospheric constituents. Because of its reduced size and weight, the sampler can be launched using small-size balloons (1000–2000 m3 in volume). On December 30, 2007 and January 4, 2008, a total of 4 samplers were launched from Syowa Station and recovered on the same day as their launches. Two of them functioned as designed and collected stratospheric air samples at altitudes of 18 and 25 km. The air samples were analyzed for greenhouse gas concentrations and stable isotopes after return to Japan

Comparison of GRUAN data products for Meisei iMS-100 and Vaisala RS92 radiosondes at Tateno, Japan

A total of 99 dual soundings with Meisei iMS-100 radiosonde and Vaisala RS92 radiosondes were carried out at the Aerological Observatory of the Japan Meteorological Agency, known as Tateno (36.06∘ N, 140.13∘ E, 25.2 m; the World Meteorological Organization, WMO, station number 47646), from September 2017 to January 2020. Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN) data products (GDPs) from both sets of radiosonde data for 59 flights were subsequently created using a documented processing programme along with the provision of optimal estimates for measurement uncertainty. Differences in radiosonde performance were then quantified using these GDPs. For daytime observations, the iMS-100 temperature is around 0.5 K cooler than RS92-GDP in the stratosphere, with significant differences in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in consideration of combined uncertainties. For nighttime observations, the difference is around −0.1 K, and data are mostly in agreement. For relative humidity (RH), iMS-100 is around 1 % RH–2 % RH higher in the troposphere and 1 % RH smaller in the stratosphere than RS92, but both GDPs are in agreement for most of the profile. The mean pressure difference is ≤0.1 hPa, the wind speed difference is from −0.04 to +0.14 m s−1, the wind direction difference is , and the root mean square vector difference (RMSVD) for wind is ≤1.04 m s−1

Meteorological observations at Syowa Station, Antarctica, 2008 by the 49th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition

This report describes the result of meteorological observations at Syowa Station by the Meteorological Observation Team of the 49th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE-49) during the period 1 February 2008 to 27 January 2009. The observation methods, instruments, and statistical methods used by the JARE-49 team are nearly the same as those used by the JARE-48 observation team. Remarkable weather phenomena observed during the period of JARE-49 are as follows. 1) On 1 September 2008, the record minimum temperature for September was observed in the upper atmosphere (pressure greater than 175 hPa). 2) The monthly mean temperature at Syowa Station during October 2008 was -17.5°C; this is the lowest monthly mean October temperature recorded at Syowa Station. 3) The total ozone over Syowa Station was less than or equal to 220 m atm-cm during the period from late August to late November, and was close to minimum levels during the period from mid-September to mid-October. The lowest total ozone in 2008, recorded on 16 October 2008, was 140 m atm-cm

Shōjo Fantasies of Inhabiting Cool Japan: Reimagining Fukuoka Through Shōjo and Otome Ideals with Cosplay Tourism

Over the past two decades the global popularity of Japanese entertainment such as anime, manga, pop music and cosplay has formed a significant part of defining the country's cultural and national identity, as typified by Douglas McGray's Japan's Gross National Cool and Anthony Faiola's Japan's Empire of Cool in the Western popular press. The relationship between popular culture and national identity was for­malized within Japan through the government-sponsored, nation branding initiative Cool Japan. The Cool Japan campaign continues to serve various agendas, one being to leverage the global popularity of Japanese entertainment for commercial interests, such as increasing tour­ism to Japan. However, various concerns have been raised around the lack of understanding and depth coming out of these top-down initiatives, many of which lack genuine grassroots or entertainer support,s with Koichi Iwabuchi criticizing many of the efforts so far as being "superficial and nationalistic observations that people outside Japan are rejoicing in Japanese media culture." Additional concerns focus on the perpetuation of simplistic stereotypes for an international audience and the silencing of more diverse voices and experiences which do not fit into this branding narrative.This chapter discusses the website asianbeat as an example of a government-sponsored, youth-oriented website promoting a Cool Japan-type narrative which integrates ideas of a unique Japanese-ness with popular culture and fandom. Using the example of asianbeafs travel articles that feature well-known Asian cosplayers, I argue that the asianbeat website is an example of integrating tourism and popular cul­ture through appropriating the voice of the grassroots, celebrity-fan as an authenticator and advocator. This case study examines the ways in which the notion of youthful femininity (shojo, or otome) is configured through the cosplayer's performance of "fan identity" in the context of a carefully constructed travel feature on a news and entertainment web­site. Asianbeat's travel features, then, provide an example of the intersec­tion of ideas of Japanese-ness, marketing strategies and popular culture through the representation of youthful girlhood often associated with shojo and otome ideals. The relationship between these is significant as it reveals the ways in which popular narratives and ideals can be used to create an invitational strategy promoting a location, such as Fukuoka, as ideologically and emotionally attuned to a particular Japanese popular culture, such as shojo manga or cosplay