O serbskim czasowniku govoriti i modyfikatorach jego semantyki

Przedmiotem artykułu jest interpretacja elementów gramatycznych jako modyfikatorów semantyki słowa. Kiedy chcemy przekazać informacje o akcie mowy, mamy w zasadzie dwie możliwości: (a) położyć nacisk bardziej na samej czynności mówienia niż na procesie komunikacji; (b) uznać, że istotniejszy od  samej czynności jest jej skutek. Sytuacja (b) jest sygnalizowana przez użycie przyimka na z leksemem oznaczającym dany język (np. Ona će o tome govoriti na engleskom = Ona będzie o tym mówić po angielsku), brak przyimka  na jest natomiast gramatycznym wskaźnikiem sytuacji (a) (np. Ona će sa njima govoriti  engleski = Ona będzie z nimi rozmawiać po angielsku). Konkluzja jest taka, że elementy gramatyczne mogą pełnić rolę regulatorów semantyki słowa. Ten ważny fakt powinien zostać we właściwy sposób uwzględniony przez  współczesne teorie językoznawcze.Przedmiotem artykułu jest interpretacja elementów gramatycznych jako modyfikatorów semantyki słowa. Kiedy chcemy przekazać informacje o akcie mowy, mamy w zasadzie dwie możliwości: (a) położyć nacisk bardziej na samej czynności mówienia niż na procesie komunikacji; (b) uznać, że istotniejszy od  samej czynności jest jej skutek. Sytuacja (b) jest sygnalizowana przez użycie przyimka na z leksemem oznaczającym dany język (np. Ona će o tome govoriti na engleskom = Ona będzie o tym mówić po angielsku), brak przyimka  na jest natomiast gramatycznym wskaźnikiem sytuacji (a) (np. Ona će sa njima govoriti  engleski = Ona będzie z nimi rozmawiać po angielsku). Konkluzja jest taka, że elementy gramatyczne mogą pełnić rolę regulatorów semantyki słowa. Ten ważny fakt powinien zostać we właściwy sposób uwzględniony przez  współczesne teorie językoznawcze

A contribution to the problem of metaphor

Focusing on the antonym pair \u27bistar\u27 \u27limpid, not muddy, clear\u27/mutan \u27muddy, turbid, unclear\u27 and their metaphorical uses in (the spoken variety of) standard Serbocroatian, the author points to the fact that there are situations in which the figurative adjectival meaning belongs, respectively, to two unrelated conceptual domains. Such a state of affairs contradicts Kittay and Lehrer\u27s claim that antonymic relations are preserved under metaphorical extension. The existence of sentences like \u27On je bistar ali mutan\u27 \u27He has a quick intelligence but he is a fishy man\u27 presents the most persuasive argument that \u27mutan\u27 describing humans is not the antonymous counterpart of \u27bistar\u27. The question arises as to why \u27mutan\u27 did not shift to the mental dimension, like \u27bistar\u27, but took on a moral meaning? According to the author, in seeking to find the answer one should consider both the semantic relation existing between \u27mutan\u27 and \u27prljav\u27 \u27dirty\u27 and the fact that \u27mutan\u27 functions as antonym not only to \u27bistar\u27 but also to \u27jasan\u27 \u27clear\u27. Both circumstances have determined the semantic development of \u27mutan\u27

Elektrohemijsko kvantitativno određivanje sertralina u farmaceutskim proizvodima na elektrod iod zlata u bikarbonatnom elektrolitu

The electrochemical characterization of sertraline standard at gold electrode was at first performed by cyclic voltammetry measurements (CV) in pH 8.4 bicarbonate buffer. Then Au electrode was evaluated for the quantitative determination of sertraline using square wave voltammetry (SWV). Namely, (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) sertraline inclusion complexe was employed to enhance the electrode sensitivity of the drug determination. Using the proposed SWV technique, the anodic current peak of sertraline oxidation was linear within a concentration range of 0.1–0.5 μM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.0 10-8 M and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 6.7 10-8 M. In the case of inclusion complex of the sertraline with HPβCD, a good linearity range of 0.1–0.9 μM was obtained with a LOD of 2.6 10-8 M and a LOQ of 8.8 10-8 μM. Comparing the regression equations, it can be concluded that the sensitivity in the presence of inclusion complex can be up to 5 times higher. The applicability of the developed method was confirmed by the analysis of this drug in pharmaceutical formulation.Elektrohemijska karakterizacija standarda sertralina je urađena cikličnom voltametrijom(CV) u pH 8.4 bicarbonatnom puferu. Elektroda od zlata je zatim testirana za kvantitativno određivanje sertralina koristeći voltametriju sa pravougaonim impulsima (SWV). Inkluzioni kompleks (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) sertralina je testiran u cilju poboljšanja osetljivosti electrode za kvantitativno određivanje leka. SWV tehnikom je pokazano da je anodni strujni vrh oksidacije sertralina linearan u opsegu koncentracija 0.1–0.5 μM uz granicu detekcije (LOD) od 2.0 10-8 M i granicu kvantifikacije (LOQ) od 6.7 10-8 M. Inkluzioni kompleks sertralina sa HPβCD je ispoljio linearnost u opsegu koncentracija od 0.1–0.9 μM uz LOD of 2.6 10-8 M i LOQ od 8.8 10-8 μM. Analizom eksperimentalnih podataka može se zaklučiti da je osetljivost electrode od zlata za određivanje sertraline porasla više od pet puta kada je lek vezan u inkluzioni kompleks. Primenljivost razvijene metode je potvrđena uspešnim određivanjem leka u farmaceutskim oblicima

Pandemic A(H1N1)2009 Influenza in the County of Split-Dalmatia in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011: Some Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics

Pandemijski virus influence pojavio se u Hrvatskoj u srpnju 2009. godine i do sada je u dvije godine uzrokovao infekciju u više od 100.000 ljudi, od kojih je najmanje 86 (60 virološki dokazano) umrlo. U Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji oboljelo je 15.958 ljudi od čega je najmanje 8 umrlo (svi virološki dokazani). U Kliničkome bolničkom centru u Splitu liječena su 634 bolesnika što iznosi 3,97% od ukupno prijavljenih. U jedinici intenzivnog liječenja liječeno je 27 bolesnika (4,26% liječenih u bolnici), od čega je 8 umrlo (29,63%). Vrhunac epidemije 2009/2010. bio je od listopada do prosinca, a 2010/2011. u siječnju i veljači. Epidemija 2009/2010. počela je u srpnju,a epidemija 2010/2011. u prosincu. U svim pozitivnim obriscima nosa i ždrijela 2009/2010. metodom RT PCR i/ili DFA dokazan je virus A(H1N1)2009, dok je u sezoni 2010/2011. u 5 obrisaka dokazan virus tipa B, a u ostalih također virus A(H1N1)2009. Najviše hospitaliziranih u obje sezone bilo je u dobi od 30 do 64 godine, ali je bilo gotovo 10% više u sezoni 2009/2010. (39,85%) nego u sezoni 2010/2011. (30,16%). U sezoni 2010/2011. veći je broj hospitalizirane djece do 4 godine (25,5%) nego u sezoni 2009/2010. (18,04%) i starijih od 65 godina (21,74 prema 16,4%). Raspodjela prijavljenih epidemiološkoj službi učinjena je samo za 2010/2011. i najviše prijavljenih bilo je također u dobi od 30 do 64 godine (29,43%). U Klinici za infektologiju KBC-a Split u ove dvije sezone liječeno je 10 puta više bolesnika negoli je desetogodišnji prosjek liječenja bolesnika s influencom u ovoj klinici. U ovom članku prikazat ćemo neke kliničke i epidemiološke karakteristike bolesnika oboljelih od influence u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji u sezonama 2009/2010. i 2010/2011.The pandemic influenza virus appeared in Croatia in July 2009, and over these two years it has caused infection in over 100,000 people, of whom at least 86 (60 virologically proven) died. In the County of Split-Dalmatia it affected 15,958 people, causing at least 8 deaths (all virologically proven). The number of hospitalized patients at the University Hospital Center Split was 634, or 3.97% of the total reported number. The number of patients treated at the Intensive Care Unit was 27 (4.26% treated in hospital), of whom 8 died (29.63%). The 2009/2010 epidemic reached its peak in the period from October to December, and that of 2010/2011 in January and February. The 2009/2010 epidemic began in July, and the 2010/2011 epidemic in December. Virus A (H1N1) 2009 was detected using the RT PCR and/or DFA method in all positive nose and throat swabs taken during the 2009/2010 epidemic, while in the season 2010/2011 type B virus was detected in 5 swabs, and virus A (H1N1) 2009 in others. Most hospitalized patients in both seasons were 30 - 64 years old, but there was almost 10% more patients in the season 2009/2010 (39.85%) than in the season 2010/2011 (30.16%). A larger number of hospitalized children under 4 years of age (25.5%) was recorded in the season 2010/2011 than in the season 2009/2010 (18.04%), as well as that of patients older than 65 years (21.74 vs. 16.4%). The distribution of total influenza cases reported to epidemiological services was done only for 2010/2011, and most patients were also 30 - 64 years old (29.43%). The number of patients treated at the Clinic for Infectious Diseases of the University Hospital Center Split over these two seasons was 10 times higher than the ten-year average of influenza patients treated at this clinic. In this article we will present some clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients suffering from influenza in the County of Split-Dalmatia in 2009/2010 and 2010/2011

Електрохемијска стабилност метформина у воденим растворима NaHCO3 И Na2SO4 на Au, GC и IrOx електродама

In this study the electrochemical behavior of metformin (MET), oral antihyperglycaemic agent, was assayed at three different electrodes. The drug standard was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave volta-mmetry (SWV) via its electrooxidation at Au and glassy carbon (GC) electrode in 0.05 M NaHCO3. Under these conditions transformation of MET to corresponding N-carbonyl guanidine via oxime intermediate is suggested. The stability of MET was tested under directed stress conditions using IrOx elec-trode with sodium sulphate as an electrolyte and cyclic 4-amino-2-imino-1-me-thyl-1,2-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine (4,2,1-AIMT) appeared as the main end-product. The courses of the electrochemical processes at three electrodes are followed by UV spectroscopy and evaluated by total organic carbon (TOC) analysis.У оквиру рада изучавано је електрохемијско понашање метформина, лека са антихипергликемијским дејством, на три различите електроде. Стандард лека испитан је цикличном волтаметријом и волтаметријом са правоугаоним импулсима у 0,05 М раствору NaHCO3 на елекроди од злата и електроди од стакластог угљеника. Под овим условима, предложена је трансформација лека до одговарајућег N-карбонил гуанидина преко оксима као интермедијера. Стабилност метформина тестирана је и под условима електрохемијске оксидације на IrOx електроди у присуству натријум сулфата као електолита. У овом случају, предложено је настајање цикличног 4-амино-2-имино-1- метил-1,2-дихидро-1,3,5-триазина као главног производа. Ток електрохемијских процеса на све три електроде праћен је УВ спектроскопијом. Степен минерализације утврђен је анализом укупног органског угљеника.This is the peer-reviewed version of the article: Lović Jelena, Lađarević Jelena, Mijin Dušan, Jadranin Milka, Petrović Slobodan D., Avramov-Ivić Milka, Electrochemical stability of metformin in NaHCO3 and Na2SO4 water solution at Au, GC and IrOx electrodes, Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 2019 Volume 84, Issue 11, Pages: 1319-1327 [https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC190731091L]The published version: [http://cer.ihtm.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3383

Elektrooksidacija smeše formaldehida i 2-propanola na monokristalima zlata orijentacije (100) i (111) u alkalnoj sredini

The effect of formaldehyde on the oxidation of 2-propanol and vice versa on gold single crystal planes (100 and 111) was studied. An activating effect in the reaction of the simultaneous oxidation of 2-propanol and formaldehyde was obtained on a gold (100) plane. In the case of a gold (111) electrode, the activation effect was not obtained. It was concluded that the adsorption of formaldehyde on the electrode surface prevents the adsorption of poisoning species formed during the electro-oxidation of 2-propanol on the Au(100) plane, while this is not the case on the Au(111) plane. The different behavior is caused by the difference in the symmetry of the surface atoms of these two Au single crystal planes. .Ispitivan je uticaj formaldehida na oksidaciju 2-propanola i vice versa na monokristalima zlata orijentacija (100) i (111). U reakciji simultane oksidacije 2-propanola i formaldehida na monokristalu zlata orijentacije (100) dobijen je aktivacioni efekat. Ovaj efekat nije dobijen na elektrodi od zlata orijentacije (111). Zaključeno je da prisustvo adsorbovanog formaldehida onemogućava adsorpciju čvrsto vezanih intermedijera formiranih tokom elektrooksidacije 2-propanola, koji se ponašaju kao otrovi za elektrodu, na ravni (100). Ovo nije slučaj na ravni (111). Različito ponašanje je uzrokovano razlikama u simetriji i energijama površinskih atoma na ove dve monokristalne ravni.

Elektroredukcija cefetameta na elektrodama od žive, platine i zlata

The electroreduction of cefetamet (CEF) using gold and platinum electrodes has been investigated in slightly alkaline medium (pH 8.40) where adsorption, previously observed at mercury electrode, was pronounced. This investigation was performed in order to determine whether the adsorption interferes with the reduction process even at solid electrodes and to compare with a mercury electrode.Redukcija cefetameta na elektrodama od zlata i platine je proučavana u slabo alkalnoj sredini (pH 8,40) gde je u prethodnim ispitivanjima na živinoj elektrodi u toku reakcije uočena adsorpcija antibiotika. Ovaj rad je posvećen ispitivanju uticaja adsorpcije na elektroredukciju cefetameta na čvrstim elektrodama i poređenju sa živom

Racism and Patriarchy in the Meaning of Motherhood

The catalytic abilities of a gold electrode were tested for the quantitative determination of amphetamine (A) and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) standards by their oxidation using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The values of the oxidative currents of A and MDMA standards at 0.80 V vs. SCE in 0.05 M NaHCO3 at a scan rate of 50 mV s-1 were linear functions of the concentration in range of 110.9-258.9 μM and 38.7-229.2 μM, respectively. Square wave voltammetry (SWV) revealed a linear increase of current with the concentration of MDMA (range 30.9-91.6 μM), which enabled the quantitative determination of amphetamine derivates. SWV analysis was also successfully performed in spiked urine samples. A and MDMA in the presence of sucrose and as a content in illegally produced tablets were also determined. The voltammetric determinations of A and MDMA derivatives using CV and SWV at gold a electrode are rapid, selective and simple procedures and their accuracy was confirmed with a reference method, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The analysis of spiked urine samples offers an additional possibility for the rapid detection of A and MDMA in human urine.Katalitička svojstva elektrode od zlata su testirana za kvantitativno određivanje amfetamina (A) i 3,4-metilendioksi-N-metilamfetamina (MDMA) standarda. Elektroksidacija A i MDMA je praćena cikličnom voltametrijom (CV). Vrednost oksidativnog pika A i MDMA standarda je linearna funkcija koncentracija u opsegu 110,9-258,9 μM (A) i 38,7-229,2 μM (MDMA). Voltametrija sa pravougaonim impulsima (SWV) je pokazala linearnu zavisnost struja od koncentracija za MDMA standard (u opsegu: 30,9-91,6 μM) kao i u spajkovanim uzorcima humanog urina. Uspešno je analiziran i sadržaj A i MDMA u ilegalno proizvedenim tabletama. Voltametrijsko određivanje A i MDMA derivata uz pomoć CV i SWV na elektrodi od zlata je brza, selektivna i jednostavna procedura. Analiza spajkovanih uzoraka urina nudi dodatnu mogućnost za brzu detekciju A i MDMA u humanom urinu