Мастнокиселинен състав на биволско мляко при интензивно и пасищно отглеждане

With the aim to assess the fatty-acid profile of buffalo milk from intensive and pasture farming system, the study included two farms. Farm 1 assigned 9 non-grazing buffaloes raised on green fodder or maize silage, and Farm 2 – 8 buffaloes on pasture until November and hay in winter. Individual samples of milk, taken in 7 monthly test days from August to February, were subjected to the Roese-Gottlieb lipid analysis. Analyses of variance were carried out per each fatty acid (FA), including the effects of farming, test day, milk yield and fat content. Farming system was established to be significant source of variation of all individual monounsaturated and polyunsaturated FAs (PUFA) and total PUFA. All PUFAs, except C20:3n3 and C20:2n6, showed better values in the milk from the buffaloes on pasture – more than 2-fold difference in total conjugated linoleic acids (0.913%) and rumenic acid (0.829%) in particular, in alpha-linolenic (0.145%) and gamma-linolenic (0.502%) acid, and in omega-3 FAs (n3), rendering n6/n3 ratio definitely lower (1.99). This applies also to greater extent to trans-C18:1 (4.027%) and vaccenic acid (2.323%) in particular, and to lesser to atherogenicity (2.44) and thrombogenicity (3.21) index. While C18:4n3 was found to increase, vaccenic and gammalinolenic acid decline throughout grazing season, as well as conjugated linoleic acids with the exception of a peak in December. C20:5n3, C22:5n3 and C20:3n6 are characterized by such even more pronounced peak.С цел оценка на мастнокиселия състав на биволското мляко от интензивна и пасищна система за отглеждане, в проучването бяха включени две ферми. От ферма 1 бяха взети 9 биволици без паша, хранени със зелена маса или царевичен силаж, а от ферма 2 – 8 биволици на пасищно отглеждане до ноември и на сено през зимата. Индивидуалните проби мляко, взети в 7 месечни тестови дни от август до февруари, бяха подложени на липиден анализ по метода на Roese-Gottlieb. Бяха проведени анализи на варианса за всяка мастна киселина (МК), включвайки ефектите на ситемата на отглеждане, тестовия ден, млечността и маслеността. Беше установено, че системата на отглеждане е достоверен източник на вариране на всички отделни мононенаситени и полиненаситени (ПНМК) МК, както и ∑ПНМК. Всички ПНМК, с изключение на C20:3n3 и C20:2n6, показват по-добри стойности в млякото от биволиците на паша – повече от двукратна разлика в сумата от конюгираните линолови киселини (0,913%) и в частност в C18:2c9t11 (0,829%), в алфа-линоленова (0,145%) и гама-линоленова (0,502%) киселина, както и в омега-3 (n3), правейки съотношението n6/n3 определено по-ниско (1,99). Това се отнася до голяма степен до транс-С18:1 (4,027%), в частност C18:1t11 (2,323%), и в по-малка до индекса на атерогенност (2,44) и тромбогенност (3,21). Докато C18:4n3 се повишава, C18:1t11 и гама-линоленовата киселина намаляват с напредване на пасищния сезон, както и конюгираните линолови киселини с изключение на пика през декември. C20:5n3, C22:5n3 и C20:3n6 се характеризират с подобен, още по-силно изразен пик

Параметри на лактационната крива в зависимост от продължителността на лактация при биволици от две различни системи на отглеждане

Buffaloes from intensive (farm 1 - Fm1; 438 normal, 115 short lactations) and pasture (farm 2 - Fm2; 330 + 58 lactations) system were assigned to study lactation curve via ANOVA (LSMLMW and MIXMDL) per each 10-day period (“tenday”), as well as overall (PI1) and post-peak (PIP) persistency. Greatest is the effect of parity and season, also of year on 2nd-12th tenday. Persistency is affected by parity, year and season of calving, and especially by peak month and DIM (P≤0.001). The curves showed peak averagely at 2nd tenday in both herds. Compared to the buffaloes on pasture, Fm1 has significantly lower milk in initial two and in 15th to 21st tendays, defining slower decline to mid-lactation and faster after that. These differences in the curves predetermine a non-significant difference in PI1 between Fm1 and Fm2 (0.932 and 0.940) and a significant but still small superiority in PIP of Fm2 (0.893) over Fm1 (0.880). The lactations below 210 days are 17.8%, persistency being 0.859 to 0.742, and peak by 17 to 32% worse than normal lactation. Long and very long lactations’ persistency is 0.923 and 0.950. Only very long lactations have а typical curve – 4th tenday peak, by 10% lower than normal lactation.Бяха включени биволици от интензивна (Fm1 – 438 нормални и 115 къси лактации) и пасищна (Fm2 - 330 + 58 лактации) технология на отглеждане, за проучване на лактационната крива чрез ANOVA (LSMLMW и MIXMDL) за всяка 10-дневка, както и на общото (PI1) и след-пиково (PIP) постоянство. Най-значим е ефектът на поредната лактация и сезона,, както и на годината за 2-ра–12-та десетдневка. Постоянството се влияе от поредната лактация, годината, сезона, и особено от пиковия месец и дойните дни (P≤0.001). Пикът е средно през 2-ра десетдневка в двете стада. В сравнение с биволиците на паша, Fm1 има достоверно по-ниска млечност в първите две и в 15та–21ва десетдневка, дефинирайки по-бавен спад до средата на лактацията и по-бърз след това. Тези разлики в кривите предопределят недостоверна разлика в PI1 между Fm1 и Fm2 (0.932 и 0.940) и и малко но достоверно превъзходство в PIP на Fm2 (0.893) спрямо Fm1 (0.880). Лактациите под 210 дни съставляват 17,8%, като постоянството е от 0,859 до 0,742, а пика е със 17 до 32% по-нисък от нормалната лактация. Постоянството на дългите и много дългите лактации е 0,923 и 0,950. Само много дългите лактации имат типична крива – пик в четвърто десетдневие, с 10% по-нисък от нормалната лактация

Параметри на лактационната крива в зависимост от продължителността на лактация при биволици от две различни системи на отглеждане

Buffaloes from intensive (farm 1 - Fm1; 438 normal, 115 short lactations) and pasture (farm 2 - Fm2; 330 + 58 lactations) system were assigned to study lactation curve via ANOVA (LSMLMW and MIXMDL) per each 10-day period (“tenday”), as well as overall (PI1) and post-peak (PIP) persistency. Greatest is the effect of parity and season, also of year on 2nd-12th tenday. Persistency is affected by parity, year and season of calving, and especially by peak month and DIM (P≤0.001). The curves showed peak averagely at 2nd tenday in both herds. Compared to the buffaloes on pasture, Fm1 has significantly lower milk in initial two and in 15th to 21st tendays, defining slower decline to mid-lactation and faster after that. These differences in the curves predetermine a non-significant difference in PI1 between Fm1 and Fm2 (0.932 and 0.940) and a significant but still small superiority in PIP of Fm2 (0.893) over Fm1 (0.880). The lactations below 210 days are 17.8%, persistency being 0.859 to 0.742, and peak by 17 to 32% worse than normal lactation. Long and very long lactations’ persistency is 0.923 and 0.950. Only very long lactations have а typical curve – 4th tenday peak, by 10% lower than normal lactation.Бяха включени биволици от интензивна (Fm1 – 438 нормални и 115 къси лактации) и пасищна (Fm2 - 330 + 58 лактации) технология на отглеждане, за проучване на лактационната крива чрез ANOVA (LSMLMW и MIXMDL) за всяка 10-дневка, както и на общото (PI1) и след-пиково (PIP) постоянство. Най-значим е ефектът на поредната лактация и сезона,, както и на годината за 2-ра–12-та десетдневка. Постоянството се влияе от поредната лактация, годината, сезона, и особено от пиковия месец и дойните дни (P≤0.001). Пикът е средно през 2-ра десетдневка в двете стада. В сравнение с биволиците на паша, Fm1 има достоверно по-ниска млечност в първите две и в 15та–21ва десетдневка, дефинирайки по-бавен спад до средата на лактацията и по-бърз след това. Тези разлики в кривите предопределят недостоверна разлика в PI1 между Fm1 и Fm2 (0.932 и 0.940) и и малко но достоверно превъзходство в PIP на Fm2 (0.893) спрямо Fm1 (0.880). Лактациите под 210 дни съставляват 17,8%, като постоянството е от 0,859 до 0,742, а пика е със 17 до 32% по-нисък от нормалната лактация. Постоянството на дългите и много дългите лактации е 0,923 и 0,950. Само много дългите лактации имат типична крива – пик в четвърто десетдневие, с 10% по-нисък от нормалната лактация

Innovative technologies in laboratory medicine for prevention and control of chronic diseases

Въвеждането на иновативни методи и технологии за диагностика и лечение е процес от ключово значение за развитието на медицината. Лабораторните изследвания, подпомагащи поставянето на правилна диагноза и проследяване на всички заболявания, са основани на принципи и стандарти за добра практика. В проследяването на лабораторните параметри на пациентите с хронични заболявания новите технологии в ежедневието навлизат с бързи темпове. Публикацията представя перспективите и възможните ползи на тестовете, провеждани в дома на пациентите или от тях самите.The introduction of innovative methods and technologies for the diagnosis and treatment process is crucial to the development of medicine. Laboratory studies supporting a correct diagnosis and monitoring of all diseases are based on the principles and standards of good practice. In the researches of the laboratory parameters of patients with chronic diseases, new technologies are entering with a rapid pace. The article presents the prospect of possible benefits of the tests, which are acomplished at patients` homes or by themselves

BREEDING OF CEREAL CROPS AT DOBRUDZHA AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE – GENERAL TOSHEVO, BULGARIA

The climate of Bulgaria is very diverse in spite of its small territory. The soil and climatic conditions in the region where Dobrudzha Agricultural Institute is situated are suitable for obtaining high and stable yields from all winter cereals. The breeding program of the institute is aimed at developing high-yielding cultivars of common and durum wheat, triticale, malting and feed barley adaptable to growing under variable soil and climatic conditions. The aim of this investigation is to present the major directions, problems and achievements of the breeding work on the winter cereals at Dobrudzha Agricultural Institute.The results were summarized on several levels:Evaluation of the risk factors for the development, the yield formation and the quality indices;Developing and study on a gene pool of the best world and Bulgarian accessions;Developing of own initial material by using the methods of intervarietal hybridization, experimental mutagenesis and other biotechnology approaches;Developing of a more efficient methodology for field and laboratory evaluation of the breeding materials;Testing of new varieties and production of certified planting material.The portfolio of the institute is quite variable. From the cultivars developed here, 36 genotypes of common wheat and 5 genotypes of durum wheat, 11 triticale cultivars and 6 winter barley varieties have been included in the National Vareital List of Bulgaria

On the effect of chelating agents and antioxidants on cadmium-induced organ toxicity. An overview

Cadmium (Cd) has been classified as a human carcinogen. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that the concentration of Cd in the environment has rapidly increased in the last few years. In many epidemiological studies, the correlation between environmental exposure of humans to Cd and diseases such as stroke, ischemia, renal and hepatic dysfunction, anemia, osteoporosis and diabetes has been discussed. For the treatment of heavy metal intoxications a therapy with chelating agents has been applied. A chelating agent is a compound that binds the toxic metal ion thus promoting its excretion by the living organisms. Recently, it has been found that Cd-induced toxicity is a result of formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These results increased the interest towards the antioxidants as possible agents for the treatment of Cd-induced organ toxicity. Herein, we present summary and discussion of the literature data for the influence of chelating agents and antioxidants on Cd-induced pathological conditions in Cd-intoxicated animals

Dynamic change of NT- PROBNP in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary coronary intervention

In the recent years important biomarkers have  emerged as  tools for diagnosis and risk stratification in cardiovascular diseases. Such markers are B- type natriuretic peptide ( BNP) and N- terminal B- type  natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP).Peripheral blood for the serum levels of  NT-proBNP was taken from patients with STEMI before PCI and 24-48hours after the onset of the symptoms of myocardial infarction. Three of the samples  from all 53 turned out to be positive to NT - proBNP  concentration on Day 0. On day 1 there was   a significant  elevation of the positive samples 11 from 53 patients ( 20,7%) ( p = 0,01). All  patients with STEMI and elevated serum levels of NT- proBNP  have left ventricular ejection fraction <50%.  Our results imply that  NT -proBNP level and its increase in the serum  may be used as a biomarker for the severity of the ischemic heart disease

(E)-3-Methyl-6-(3-oxo-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)prop-1-en-1-yl)-2(3H)-benzothiazolone

The title compound, (E)-3-methyl-6-(3-oxo-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)prop-1-en-1-yl)-2(3H)-benzothiazolone, was synthesized by both an acid- and base-catalyzed aldol condensation of 3-methyl-6-acetyl-2(3H)-benzothiazolone and 3,4,5-trimethoxyacetophenone. The structure of the target compound was confirmed using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IR, MS, and elemental analysis

EXTERNAL DETERMINANTS OF SMES’ INTERNATIONALIZATION AND PERFORMANCE IN A CHALLENGING INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT

Competitive performance analysis of enterprises is a useful tool for an assessment of the condition and development potential of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) for effective operation in international environment. Dynamics of the global environment creates opportunities for international entrepreneurship, but also requirements for a rapid adaptation to a new situation, and survival in a post-pandemic world. The objective of this paper is to study the external determinants of internationalization and competitive performance in a challenging environment for international entrepreneurship by a broad overview of the literature and an empirical survey on a representative sample of 500 Bulgarian firms, of which 468 are SMEs. It attempts to contribute to existing theories and models explaining the external factors influencing internationalization and their co-dependence with the competitive performance of SMEs under unforseen circumstances. The findings demonstrate that unexpected events in the global environment might trigger unpredictable and rapid changes provoking a negative response of companies - shrinking costs, reduction of resources for internationalization, termination of operations that will affect future performance, and international activities of SMEs. The findings can serve as a support tool for practitioners, consultants, and researchers in the analysis and assessment of the impact of unforeseen circumstances and crises on the performance of SMEs targeted at occupying competitive positions in international markets