Theoretical Description of Pulsed RYDMR: Refocusing Zero-Quantum and Single Quantum Coherences

A theoretical description of pulsed reaction yield detected magnetic resonance (RYDMR) is proposed. In RYDMR, magnetic resonance spectra of radical pairs (RPs) are indirectly detected by monitoring their recombination yield. Such a detection method is significantly more sensitive than conventional electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), but design of appropriate pulse sequences for RYDMR requires additional effort because of a different observable. In this work various schemes for generating spin-echo like signals and detecting them by RYDMR are treated. Specifically, we consider refocusing of zero-quantum coherences (ZQCs) and single-quantum coherences (SQCs) by selective as well as by non-selective pulses and formulate a general analytical approach to pulsed RYDMR, which makes an efficient use of the product operator formalism. We anticipate that these results are of importance for RYDMR studies of elusive paramagnetic particles, notably, in organic semiconductors

Inventions of Scientists, Engineers and Specialists from Different Countries in the Area of Nanotechnologies. Part VI

Introduction. Advanced technologies impress people\u27s imagination demonstrating the latest achievements (materials, methods, systems, technologies, devices etc.) that dramatically change the world. This, first of all, concerns nanotechnological inventions designed by scientists, engineers and specialists from different countries. Main part. The article provides an abstract overview of inventions of scientists, engineers and specialists from different countries: Russia, USA, China, Kazakhstan, Sweden. The results of the creative activity of scientists, engineers and specialists, including inventions in the field of nanotechnology and nanomaterials allow, when introduced to industry, achieving a significant effect in construction, housing and communal services, and related sectors of the economy. For example, the invention \u27A method to obtain polymer-composite material and a composite reinforcement \u3e\u3e relates to construction materials and is designed to reinforce building structures, that allows obtaining strengthened stressed composite reinforcement with improved physical-mechanical characteristics, increased resistance to aggressive environments. A method to obtain polymer-composite material is a multi-stage production of colloid solution on the basis of epoxy resin with addition of carbon nanotubes and applying heat and ultrasound impact. Introduction of modifiers (fillers) in polymer matrix in a certain ratio and fillers orientation make it possible to create a polymer strengthened for mechanical loads and with increased resistance to aggressive media (acid-resistance and alkali-resistance). The following inventions in the field of nanotechnology can also be interesting for specialists: a method to obtain biocide suspension applied on wallpaper and wall finishings, a method of aerosol spraying of nanoparticles in constant electric field, a method to obtain amorphous nanostructured diamond-like coating, a polymer composite heat-conducting paste with nanofiber modifier, a plant to provide controlled electroimpulse obtaining of nanoparticles of current conducting materials, etc. Conclusion. One of the most challenging tasks the economy of every country faces is to increase industrial competitiveness through technological upgrade. From the side of the state and companies the principal object to control in this process are the people and enterprises dealing with introduction of inventions and new technologies

MOLECULAR DYNAMICS STUDY OF SHORT-PULSE LASER MELTING, RECRYSTALLIZATION, SPALLATION, AND ABLATION OF METAL TARGETS

ABSTRACT A hybrid computational model combining classical molecular dynamics method for simulation of fast nonequilibrium phase transformations with a continuum description of the laser excitation and subsequent relaxation of the conduction band electrons is developed. The model is applied for a systematic computational investigation of the mechanisms of short pulse laser interaction with bulk metal targets. The material response to laser irradiation is investigated in three regimes corresponding to the melting and resolidification of the surface region of the target, photomechanical spallation of a single or multiple layers/droplets, and ablation driven by the thermodynamic driving forces. The conditions leading to the transitions between the different regimes and the atomic-level characteristics of the involved processes are established

Inventions of Scientists, Engineers and Specialists From Different Countries in the Area of Nanotechnologies. Part II

The article provides an abstract review of patents. The results of creative activity of scientists, engineers and specialists, including inventions in the field of nanotechnology and nanomaterials, being implemented, allow achieving a significant effect in construction, housing and community services, and related sectors of the economy. For example, the invention «Method for liquidphase synthesis of nanostructured ceramic material in the CeO2–Sm2O3 system to create a solid oxide fuel cell» can contribute to the active development of alternative, hydrogen energy. Fuel cells have a wide range of applications – from batteries in portable electronic devices to large-scale power generation and autonomous use (for example, in remote areas). Power plants based on fuel cells are almost twice as economical as traditional ones. Their efficiency can reach 85%, and the amount of harmful emissions is almost 100 times lower due to the lack of direct chemical contact of the fuel with the oxidizer. The specialists can also be interested in the following inventions in the area of nanotechnologies: method of increasing the tensile strength of fiber composites by means of preliminary modification of carbon fibers with carbon nanotubes and molecules containing amino groups; preparation method of pure silver nanowires; towards safe and sustainable innovation in nanotechnology; method of distribution of carbon-based nanoparticles in the production of nanocomposite unidirectional thermoplastic tapes; device for reducing the impact of vibration and shock effects on the performance of technological equipment; high-density three-dimensional electrically conductive micro- and mesoporous material based on carbon nanotubes and / or low-layer graphenes and a method for its preparation; nanotechnology as a viable alternative for the removal of antimicrobial resistance determinants from discharged municipal effluents and associated watersheds; and others

Inventions in the Area of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies. Part II

Introduction. Advanced technologies impress people’s imagination demonstrating the latest achievements (materials, methods, systems, technologies, devices etc.) that dramatically change the world. This, first of all, concerns nanotechnological inventions designed by scientists, engineers and specialists from different countries. Main part. The article provides an abstract overview of inventions of scientists, engineers and specialists from different countries: Germany, Russia, USA, et al. The results of the creative activity of scientists, engineers and specialists, including inventions in the field of nanotechnology and nanomaterials allow, when introduced to industry, achieving a significant effect in construction, housing and communal services, and related sectors of the economy. For example, the task resolved by the invention «A composition on the basis of oxide nanostructures to provide surface with superhydrophobic properties», means to design a new method of obtaining materials with superhydrophobic properties which possess improved performance and functional characteristics which can be applied in various areas: power engineering, electronics, machine-building, construction, ship-building, aviation, aerospace and food industries. The feature of the invention is that the surfaces demonstrate superhydrophobic properties and, as a result of that, their applying allows protecting metal structures, such as power lines, frame structures, roofs, from ice formation and dirtying. The technical result is possible due to the use of composition on the basis of oxide nanostructures to provide surface with superhydrophobic properties. The composition contains tetraethoxysilane and tetraisopropyl titanate as structure-forming agents, hexamethyldisilazane as hydrophobic element, isopropyl alcohol as dissolvent, non-spheric nanocrystal titanium dioxide with particle size from 10 to 50 nm as a grow accelerator of anisotropic structures to provide specified roughness of the surface. The specialist can be also interested in the following inventions in the area of nanotechnologies: a composite heat-conducting material on the basis of nanoliquid, a nanocomposite material on the basis of potassium titanate, a method of obtaining of nanodispersed powders, hybrid supercondenser on the basis of nanosized nickel hydroxide, etc. Conclusion. One of the most challenging tasks the economy of every country faces is to increase industrial competitiveness through technological upgrade. From the side of the state and companies the principal object to control in this process are the people and enterprises dealing with introduction of inventions and new technologie

Inventions in the Area of Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials. Part I

Introduction. Advanced technologies inspire people by demonstrating the latest achievements (materials, methods, systems, technologies, devices etc.) that dramatically change the world. This, first of all, concerns nanotechnological inventions designed by scientists, engineers and specialists from different countries. Main part. The article provides an abstract overview of inventions of scientists, engineers and specialists from different countries: Germany, Russia, China, USA et al. The results of the creative activity of scientists, engineers and specialists, including inventions in the field of nanotechnology and nanomaterials allow, when introduced to industry, achieving a significant effect in construction, housing and communal services, and related sectors of the economy. For example, the invention «The composition and manufacturing method of non-fired zirconium heat-resistant concrete» refers to the construction materials industry and can be used in the manufacture of products from zirconium non-fired heat-resistant concrete obtained without pre-firing. The purpose of the invention is to increase the thermal resistance at 1300оC, improve the water resistance of non-fired zirconium heat-resistant concrete and the exclusion a technologically complex method of converting the above-mentioned components into nanoscale particles and heat-shock treatment requiring high energy costs. The following inventions in the field of nanotechnology can also be interesting for specialists: a method to obtain multi-layered nanocomposite coating: a method for modifying carbon nanomaterials in nitrogen-containing plasma; a method for regeneration of aerosol filters and protective membranes; a method for obtaining a polymer nanocomposite material with reduced flammability; a robotic complex for obtaining nanostructured chromium coatings; a method for producing hydrogen from methane, a method for forming a combined hydrophilic coating; thermochromic nanoencapsulated material, production method and a product containing such material; a method for obtaining a water-soluble paint-and-lacquer material with photobactericidal activity for applying photobactericidal coatings based on water-soluble paint-and-lacquer materials еt al. Conclusion. One of the most challenging tasks the economy of every country face is to increase industrial competitiveness through technological upgrade. From the side of the state and companies the principal object to control in this process are the people and enterprises dealing with introduction of inventions and new technologie

Inventions of Scientists, Engineers and Specialists from Different Countries in the Area of Nanotechnologies. Part IV

Introduction. Advanced technologies impress people\u27s imagination demonstrating the latest achievements (materials, methods, systems, technologies, devices etc.) that dramatically change the world. This, first of all, concerns nanotechnological inventions designed by scientists, engineers and specialists from different countries. Main part. The paper briefly reviews inventions made by scientists, engineers and specialists from different countries: Russia, USA, China, Belarus, Great Britain, Vietnam, Denmark, the Kyrgyz Republic. The application of the results of scientists\u27, engineers\u27 and specialists\u27 investigations, including inventions in the area of nanotechnology and nanomaterials allow achieving significant efficiency in construction, house and communal service, related sectors of economy. For example, the invention A method to modify concrete with complex additive which includes hydrothermal nanoparticles SiO2 and multi-layer carbon nanotubes refers to methods of modifying concrete by introducing combination of nanoparticles with high specific surface into concrete mixture and can be used in production of precast and monolithic parts and structures of buildings and facilities of different purpose. This method of nanomodifying concrete makes it possible to achieve increased mechanical characteristics of concrete: compressive strength (25-77% at the age of 28 days) and bending strength, resistance to damage, Young\u27s mod of elasticity and shearing modulus, density (up to 10%), accelerated hardening at the early age and rate of strength development, decreased water absorbtion ability and improved indicators of porous structure (pore size and pore differential size uniformity), decreased total capillary porosity, increased frost resistance. The specialists can also be interested in the following nanotechnological inventions: a method to obtain polycrystalline diamond films; phase change materials for building construction: an overview of nano-/microencapsulation, solar collector of transpiration type; a method to obtain composition for antimicrobic coating on the basis of silver sulphide associates with molecules of methylene blue; broadband electromagnetic absorbing coating; a method to produce dry building mixtures; self-organizing nanostructures and separation membrane including aquaporin water channels and the methods to produce and use them; a method to obtain nanocrystalline titanium dioxide with anatase structure, etc. Conclusion. One of the most challenging tasks the economy of every country face is to increase industrial competitiveness through technological upgrade. From the side of the state and companies the principal object to control in this process are the people and enterprises dealing with introduction of inventions and new technologies

Inventions in the Area of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies. Part III

Introduction. Advanced technologies inspire people by demonstrating the latest achievements (materials, methods, systems, technologies, devices etc.) that dramatically change the world. This, first of all, concerns nanotechnological inventions designed by scientists, engineers and specialists from different countries. Main part. The article provides an abstract overview of inventions of scientists, engineers and specialists from different countries: Russia, USA, Turkmenistan, Japan et al. The results of the creative activity of scientists, engineers and specialists, including inventions in the field of nanotechnology and nanomaterials allow, when introduced to industry, achieving a significant effect in construction, housing and communal services, and related sectors of the economy. For example, the invention «Modifying additive» is related to the road construction and can be applied in production of asphalt-concrete, including that with utilizing of nanotechnologies. To improve performance characteristics of bitumen and asphalt concrete one can use modifying additive which comprises a mix of carbon nanomaterials. The aim of the invention is to solve the task of creating new technology which could provide obtaining of asphalt concrete with enhanced performance characteristics. The following inventions in the field of nanotechnology can also be interesting for specialists: a method to obtain multi-layered nanocomposite coating; a method of laser surface treatment for steel products; a device to obtain graphene-containing suspension; a method to obtain nanocrystal silicon powder; a self-cleaning material with chemical and biological protection properties; a method of obtaining nanostructured composite material on the basis of aluminum; a device control system with the shape memory effect to manipulate micro- and nanoobjects; a method to form plasmon nanostructures on the object surfaces to provide non-destructive analysis of low concentrations of chemical compounds by Raman spectroscopy et al. Conclusion. One of the most challenging tasks the economy of every country face is to increase industrial competitiveness through technological upgrade. From the side of the state and companies the principal object to control in this process are the people and enterprises dealing with introduction of inventions and new technologies

The inventions in nanotechnologies as practical solutions. Part II

A brief review of patents is given. The research performed by scientists, engineers and specialists in the area of nanotechnologies and nanomaterials result in increased efficiency of construction, housing sector and adjacent fields of economy. For example, invention «Elastic conductive film on the basis of silver nanoparticles», according to experts, is of great interest for science and industry. This new type of electronics potentially can be applied in many fields, such as elastic sensor skin for robot devices, portable electronics for functional clothes, elastic sensors and flexible electronic displays. Elasticity of materials is highly needed in electronic devices that contact the human body or curved surfaces. Elastic conductive film contains many annealed nanoparticles of conductive metal, in particular silver, applied on substrate. Adhesion of silver film is of great quality: when abrasion test was finished, there were no defects or there were slight defects. The specialists can also be interested in the following inventions in the area of nanotechnologies: a method to introduce single-wall and/or two-wall and/or multi-wall carbon nanotubes in composition of adhesive additives for asphalt coating and application of single-wall and/or two-wall and/or multi-wall carbon nanotubes in composition of adhesive additives; welding wire with nanocomposite coating for welding of high-tensile steel; A method to produce nanocomposite material based on aluminium; sewage treatment system with nanomodified natural sorbents et al