Production of biodiesel from microalgae

Kontinuirana upotreba fosilnih goriva prepoznata je kao neodrživa zbog iscrpljujućih zaliha i njihovog doprinosa akumulaciji ugljikovog dioksida u okolišu. Za ekonomsku i ekološku održivost nam je potrebno obnovljivo, CO2 neutralno transportno gorivo poput biodizela dobivenog iz biomase mikroalgi. Biomasa mikroalgi predstavlja vrijednu sirovinu za proizvodnju prehrambenih, farmaceutskih i kozmetičkih proizvoda (vitamina, antioksidansa, proteina, masnih kiselina, pigmenata, imunostimulansa i lijekova), te proizvodnju biogoriva (biodizela). Učinkovita proizvodnja biogoriva iz biomase mikroalgi povezana je s izborom mikroalgi, odgovarajuće hranjive podloge, uvjeta i postupaka vođenja bioprocesa u bioreaktorskim sustavima, metodama izdvajanja i pročišćivanja biomase odnosno lipida iz biomase mikroalgi. U radu je opisana proizvodnja biogoriva iz mikroalgi i praktična primjena biomase mikroalgi.Continued use of fossil fuels has been recognized as unsustainable because of exhausting stocks and their contribution to the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the environment. For economic and environmental sustainability we need a renewable, CO2-neutral transportation fuel such as biodiesel obtained from biomass of microalge. Microalgal biomass represents valuable raw material for food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic industry (vitamins, antioxidants, proteins, fatty acids, pigments, immunostimulants and pharmaceuticals) as well as for biofuels production (biodiesel). The efficient production of biodiesel from microalgae biomass is associated with a selection of microalgae, an appropriate culture medium, conditions and procedures of keeping the bioprocess bioreactor systems, biomass and lipids separation and purification methods. This work deals with production of biodiesel from microalgae and practical application of microalgal biomass

Production of biodiesel from microalgae

Kontinuirana upotreba fosilnih goriva prepoznata je kao neodrživa zbog iscrpljujućih zaliha i njihovog doprinosa akumulaciji ugljikovog dioksida u okolišu. Za ekonomsku i ekološku održivost nam je potrebno obnovljivo, CO2 neutralno transportno gorivo poput biodizela dobivenog iz biomase mikroalgi. Biomasa mikroalgi predstavlja vrijednu sirovinu za proizvodnju prehrambenih, farmaceutskih i kozmetičkih proizvoda (vitamina, antioksidansa, proteina, masnih kiselina, pigmenata, imunostimulansa i lijekova), te proizvodnju biogoriva (biodizela). Učinkovita proizvodnja biogoriva iz biomase mikroalgi povezana je s izborom mikroalgi, odgovarajuće hranjive podloge, uvjeta i postupaka vođenja bioprocesa u bioreaktorskim sustavima, metodama izdvajanja i pročišćivanja biomase odnosno lipida iz biomase mikroalgi. U radu je opisana proizvodnja biogoriva iz mikroalgi i praktična primjena biomase mikroalgi.Continued use of fossil fuels has been recognized as unsustainable because of exhausting stocks and their contribution to the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the environment. For economic and environmental sustainability we need a renewable, CO2-neutral transportation fuel such as biodiesel obtained from biomass of microalge. Microalgal biomass represents valuable raw material for food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic industry (vitamins, antioxidants, proteins, fatty acids, pigments, immunostimulants and pharmaceuticals) as well as for biofuels production (biodiesel). The efficient production of biodiesel from microalgae biomass is associated with a selection of microalgae, an appropriate culture medium, conditions and procedures of keeping the bioprocess bioreactor systems, biomass and lipids separation and purification methods. This work deals with production of biodiesel from microalgae and practical application of microalgal biomass

Production of microreactor systems by additive manufacturing technology

Microreactor systems are reactors with three-dimensional structures which are under a millimeter in size. They are commonly fabricated by wet and dry etching, precision machining, laser treatment, blasting and lithographic tech- niques. Additive manufacturing technologies have been overlooked in this area. This paper presents a part of research related to fabrication of microstructured reactors (microreactors and millireactors) by using two additive manufac- turing technologies (fused filament fabrication and stereolithography). One example of static mixer used in a milli- reactor and one reactor designed for uniform droplet production are also presented

Enzyme Reaction Engineering as a Tool to Investigate the Potential Application of Enzyme Reaction Systems

It is widely recognized and accepted that although biocatalysis is an exquisite tool to synthesize natural and unnatural compounds under mild process conditions, much can be done to better understand these processes as well as detect resulting bottlenecks and help to resolve them. This is the precise purpose of enzyme reaction engineering, a scientific discipline that focuses on investigating enzyme reactions with the goal of facilitating their implementation on an industrial scale. Even though reaction schemes of enzyme reactions often seem simple, in practice, the interdependence of different variables is unknown, very complex and may prevent further applications. Therefore, in this work, important aspects of the implementation of enzyme reactions are discussed using simple and complex examples, along with principles of mathematical modelling that provide explanations for why some reactions do not proceed as planned

Production of biodiesel from microalgae

Kontinuirana upotreba fosilnih goriva prepoznata je kao neodrživa zbog iscrpljujućih zaliha i njihovog doprinosa akumulaciji ugljikovog dioksida u okolišu. Za ekonomsku i ekološku održivost nam je potrebno obnovljivo, CO2 neutralno transportno gorivo poput biodizela dobivenog iz biomase mikroalgi. Biomasa mikroalgi predstavlja vrijednu sirovinu za proizvodnju prehrambenih, farmaceutskih i kozmetičkih proizvoda (vitamina, antioksidansa, proteina, masnih kiselina, pigmenata, imunostimulansa i lijekova), te proizvodnju biogoriva (biodizela). Učinkovita proizvodnja biogoriva iz biomase mikroalgi povezana je s izborom mikroalgi, odgovarajuće hranjive podloge, uvjeta i postupaka vođenja bioprocesa u bioreaktorskim sustavima, metodama izdvajanja i pročišćivanja biomase odnosno lipida iz biomase mikroalgi. U radu je opisana proizvodnja biogoriva iz mikroalgi i praktična primjena biomase mikroalgi.Continued use of fossil fuels has been recognized as unsustainable because of exhausting stocks and their contribution to the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the environment. For economic and environmental sustainability we need a renewable, CO2-neutral transportation fuel such as biodiesel obtained from biomass of microalge. Microalgal biomass represents valuable raw material for food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic industry (vitamins, antioxidants, proteins, fatty acids, pigments, immunostimulants and pharmaceuticals) as well as for biofuels production (biodiesel). The efficient production of biodiesel from microalgae biomass is associated with a selection of microalgae, an appropriate culture medium, conditions and procedures of keeping the bioprocess bioreactor systems, biomass and lipids separation and purification methods. This work deals with production of biodiesel from microalgae and practical application of microalgal biomass

Development of static mixers for millireactors

Današnje potrebe tržišta zahtijevaju od industrije prijelaz s masovne proizvodnje na personaliziranu, stoga se smanjuje potreba za reaktorima velikih volumena. Milireaktori su potencijalna zamjena standardnih reaktora, barem u finim industrijama poput farmaceutske i kemijske. U odnosu na konvencionalne reaktore, milireaktore odlikuje bolji prijenos tvari i energije, a time i povećanje efikasnosti. Dodavanjem statičkih miksera unutar milireaktora može se postići dodatno poboljšanje prijenosa tvari i energije, te produktivnosti samog procesa. Cilj ovog rada bio je razviti i izraditi milireaktore s različitim geometrijama statičkih miksera te ispitati njihov utjecaj na konverziju. Stereolitografijom, postupkom aditivne proizvodnje, izrađeno je šest milireaktora. Od šest izrađenih milireaktora jedan je referentni, cijevni milireaktor, a ostali imaju ugrađene statičke miskere unutar kanala. Unutar milireaktora se provodila Fentonova reakcija te se uzorak sakupljen na izlazu milireaktora spektrofotometrijski analizirao. Konverzija se računala preko molarnih protoka na početku i kraju reakcije. Vrijednosti Reynoldsovih brojeva za cijevni milireaktor su pokazale da su za korištene protoke očekivana strujanja laminarna. To je i potvrđeno tijekom provedbe reakcija. Laminarno strujanje jasno je vidljivo pri svim manjim protocima, dok je za veće protoke uočljivo burno miješanje dviju ulaznih struja u trenutku kontakta. Iz ostvarenih konverzija pri jednakim brzinama strujanja uočljivo je da milireaktor s najvećim volumenom postiže najveću vrijednost konverzije, što je direktno proporcionalno njegovom volumenu. Veći volumen milireaktora, omogućava duže vrijeme zadržavanja unutar reaktora što rezultira većom konverzijom. Tijekom provođenja Fentonovih reakcija pri fiksnim retencijskim vremenima mogao se uočiti pravilni trend rasta konverzija s porastom retencijskog vremena, ali nije uspostavljenja očekivana jasno izražena razlika između referentnog i milireaktora sa statičkim mikserima.Today's market needs require the industry to transition from mass to personalized production. Therefore, the need for large volumetric reactors is reduced. Millireactors are a potential replacement for standard reactors, at least in the fine industries such as pharmaceutical and chemical. Compared to the conventional reactors, millireactors have better mass and energy transfer and thus increased efficiency. By adding static mixers within the millireactors, higher productivity of the process could be achieved, as well as additional increase in mass and energy transfer. The aim of this paper was to develop and produce millireactor with different geometries of static mixers and examine their impact on conversion. Six millireactors were manufactured by the additive manufacturing process, stereolithography. Out of six manufactured millireactors one is a reference, tubular millireactor, and others have built-in static mixers inside the channels. Fenton's reaction was carried out within the millireactors and the sample collected on the millireactors outlet was collected and spectrophotometrically analysed. Conversions were calculated through molar flow at the beginning and at the end of the reaction. The values of Reynolds' numbers calculated for the tubular millireactor have shown that the flow is laminar for all used flow rates. During the reaction, the laminar flow was clearly visible at all lower flow rates, while for higher flow rates, strong mixing at the contact point of two reactant currents was noticeable. From the achieved values of conversions, while using the same velocities, it was noticeable that the millireactor that has the largest volume achieves highest conversion value, which is directly proportional to its volume. The greater the volume of the millireactor, the longer the retention time within the reactor, which results in higher utilization of the reaction. During the Fenton's reaction at fixed retention times, a normal trend of growth of conversion with a retention time could be observed. The expected distinct difference between the reference and millireactors with static mixers wasn't established

Development of static mixers for millireactors

Današnje potrebe tržišta zahtijevaju od industrije prijelaz s masovne proizvodnje na personaliziranu, stoga se smanjuje potreba za reaktorima velikih volumena. Milireaktori su potencijalna zamjena standardnih reaktora, barem u finim industrijama poput farmaceutske i kemijske. U odnosu na konvencionalne reaktore, milireaktore odlikuje bolji prijenos tvari i energije, a time i povećanje efikasnosti. Dodavanjem statičkih miksera unutar milireaktora može se postići dodatno poboljšanje prijenosa tvari i energije, te produktivnosti samog procesa. Cilj ovog rada bio je razviti i izraditi milireaktore s različitim geometrijama statičkih miksera te ispitati njihov utjecaj na konverziju. Stereolitografijom, postupkom aditivne proizvodnje, izrađeno je šest milireaktora. Od šest izrađenih milireaktora jedan je referentni, cijevni milireaktor, a ostali imaju ugrađene statičke miskere unutar kanala. Unutar milireaktora se provodila Fentonova reakcija te se uzorak sakupljen na izlazu milireaktora spektrofotometrijski analizirao. Konverzija se računala preko molarnih protoka na početku i kraju reakcije. Vrijednosti Reynoldsovih brojeva za cijevni milireaktor su pokazale da su za korištene protoke očekivana strujanja laminarna. To je i potvrđeno tijekom provedbe reakcija. Laminarno strujanje jasno je vidljivo pri svim manjim protocima, dok je za veće protoke uočljivo burno miješanje dviju ulaznih struja u trenutku kontakta. Iz ostvarenih konverzija pri jednakim brzinama strujanja uočljivo je da milireaktor s najvećim volumenom postiže najveću vrijednost konverzije, što je direktno proporcionalno njegovom volumenu. Veći volumen milireaktora, omogućava duže vrijeme zadržavanja unutar reaktora što rezultira većom konverzijom. Tijekom provođenja Fentonovih reakcija pri fiksnim retencijskim vremenima mogao se uočiti pravilni trend rasta konverzija s porastom retencijskog vremena, ali nije uspostavljenja očekivana jasno izražena razlika između referentnog i milireaktora sa statičkim mikserima.Today's market needs require the industry to transition from mass to personalized production. Therefore, the need for large volumetric reactors is reduced. Millireactors are a potential replacement for standard reactors, at least in the fine industries such as pharmaceutical and chemical. Compared to the conventional reactors, millireactors have better mass and energy transfer and thus increased efficiency. By adding static mixers within the millireactors, higher productivity of the process could be achieved, as well as additional increase in mass and energy transfer. The aim of this paper was to develop and produce millireactor with different geometries of static mixers and examine their impact on conversion. Six millireactors were manufactured by the additive manufacturing process, stereolithography. Out of six manufactured millireactors one is a reference, tubular millireactor, and others have built-in static mixers inside the channels. Fenton's reaction was carried out within the millireactors and the sample collected on the millireactors outlet was collected and spectrophotometrically analysed. Conversions were calculated through molar flow at the beginning and at the end of the reaction. The values of Reynolds' numbers calculated for the tubular millireactor have shown that the flow is laminar for all used flow rates. During the reaction, the laminar flow was clearly visible at all lower flow rates, while for higher flow rates, strong mixing at the contact point of two reactant currents was noticeable. From the achieved values of conversions, while using the same velocities, it was noticeable that the millireactor that has the largest volume achieves highest conversion value, which is directly proportional to its volume. The greater the volume of the millireactor, the longer the retention time within the reactor, which results in higher utilization of the reaction. During the Fenton's reaction at fixed retention times, a normal trend of growth of conversion with a retention time could be observed. The expected distinct difference between the reference and millireactors with static mixers wasn't established

Development of static mixers for millireactors

Današnje potrebe tržišta zahtijevaju od industrije prijelaz s masovne proizvodnje na personaliziranu, stoga se smanjuje potreba za reaktorima velikih volumena. Milireaktori su potencijalna zamjena standardnih reaktora, barem u finim industrijama poput farmaceutske i kemijske. U odnosu na konvencionalne reaktore, milireaktore odlikuje bolji prijenos tvari i energije, a time i povećanje efikasnosti. Dodavanjem statičkih miksera unutar milireaktora može se postići dodatno poboljšanje prijenosa tvari i energije, te produktivnosti samog procesa. Cilj ovog rada bio je razviti i izraditi milireaktore s različitim geometrijama statičkih miksera te ispitati njihov utjecaj na konverziju. Stereolitografijom, postupkom aditivne proizvodnje, izrađeno je šest milireaktora. Od šest izrađenih milireaktora jedan je referentni, cijevni milireaktor, a ostali imaju ugrađene statičke miskere unutar kanala. Unutar milireaktora se provodila Fentonova reakcija te se uzorak sakupljen na izlazu milireaktora spektrofotometrijski analizirao. Konverzija se računala preko molarnih protoka na početku i kraju reakcije. Vrijednosti Reynoldsovih brojeva za cijevni milireaktor su pokazale da su za korištene protoke očekivana strujanja laminarna. To je i potvrđeno tijekom provedbe reakcija. Laminarno strujanje jasno je vidljivo pri svim manjim protocima, dok je za veće protoke uočljivo burno miješanje dviju ulaznih struja u trenutku kontakta. Iz ostvarenih konverzija pri jednakim brzinama strujanja uočljivo je da milireaktor s najvećim volumenom postiže najveću vrijednost konverzije, što je direktno proporcionalno njegovom volumenu. Veći volumen milireaktora, omogućava duže vrijeme zadržavanja unutar reaktora što rezultira većom konverzijom. Tijekom provođenja Fentonovih reakcija pri fiksnim retencijskim vremenima mogao se uočiti pravilni trend rasta konverzija s porastom retencijskog vremena, ali nije uspostavljenja očekivana jasno izražena razlika između referentnog i milireaktora sa statičkim mikserima.Today's market needs require the industry to transition from mass to personalized production. Therefore, the need for large volumetric reactors is reduced. Millireactors are a potential replacement for standard reactors, at least in the fine industries such as pharmaceutical and chemical. Compared to the conventional reactors, millireactors have better mass and energy transfer and thus increased efficiency. By adding static mixers within the millireactors, higher productivity of the process could be achieved, as well as additional increase in mass and energy transfer. The aim of this paper was to develop and produce millireactor with different geometries of static mixers and examine their impact on conversion. Six millireactors were manufactured by the additive manufacturing process, stereolithography. Out of six manufactured millireactors one is a reference, tubular millireactor, and others have built-in static mixers inside the channels. Fenton's reaction was carried out within the millireactors and the sample collected on the millireactors outlet was collected and spectrophotometrically analysed. Conversions were calculated through molar flow at the beginning and at the end of the reaction. The values of Reynolds' numbers calculated for the tubular millireactor have shown that the flow is laminar for all used flow rates. During the reaction, the laminar flow was clearly visible at all lower flow rates, while for higher flow rates, strong mixing at the contact point of two reactant currents was noticeable. From the achieved values of conversions, while using the same velocities, it was noticeable that the millireactor that has the largest volume achieves highest conversion value, which is directly proportional to its volume. The greater the volume of the millireactor, the longer the retention time within the reactor, which results in higher utilization of the reaction. During the Fenton's reaction at fixed retention times, a normal trend of growth of conversion with a retention time could be observed. The expected distinct difference between the reference and millireactors with static mixers wasn't established

Development of Static Mixers for Millireactors and Their Production by Vat Photopolymerization

The addition of static mixers within reactors leads to higher productivity of a process and an additional increase in mass and energy transfer. In this study, we developed millireactors with static mixers using stereolithography, an additive manufacturing technology. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted to study the flow, identify potential dead volumes, and optimize the design of the millireactors. We produced five millireactors with various static mixers and one tubular reactor without static mixers, which served as a reference. The Fenton reaction was performed as a model reaction to evaluate the performance of the millireactors. We observed that some of the reactors with static mixers had air plugs that created a significant dead volume but still exhibited higher conversions compared to the reference reactor. Our results demonstrate the potential of stereolithography for producing intricate millireactors with static mixers, which can enhance the productivity of chemical processes