The impact of the population’s age composition on technological progress

This research paper explores the determinants of countries' innovation levels as measured by the Global Innovation Index, focusing on the essential factors that strengthen a country's innovative capabilities. Through a comprehensive cross-country regression analysis, the findings highlight the role of GDP per capita, Median age and the Share of the population aged 25-49 as significant factors of innovation. Contrary to our initial hypotheses, the analysis demonstrates that other variables such as the democracy level, birth rate, net migration, and life expectancy, initially provided in our model, do not significantly influence the innovation process. This indicates that economic prosperity, a youthful age profile, and a significant part of the population within their most productive years are crucial in enhancing a nation's innovation. The results are particularly significant for Ukraine, emphasizing the need to enhance technological progress in its post-war recovery efforts. This study confirms the importance of a relatively young population and stable economic health in fostering technological progress, providing guidance for policymakers aiming to enhance innovation strategies

Effects of Once-Weekly Exenatide on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes

BACKGROUND The cardiovascular effects of adding once-weekly treatment with exenatide to usual care in patients with type 2 diabetes are unknown. METHODS We randomly assigned patients with type 2 diabetes, with or without previous cardiovascular disease, to receive subcutaneous injections of extended-release exenatide at a dose of 2 mg or matching placebo once weekly. The primary composite outcome was the first occurrence of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. The coprimary hypotheses were that exenatide, administered once weekly, would be noninferior to placebo with respect to safety and superior to placebo with respect to efficacy. RESULTS In all, 14,752 patients (of whom 10,782 [73.1%] had previous cardiovascular disease) were followed for a median of 3.2 years (interquartile range, 2.2 to 4.4). A primary composite outcome event occurred in 839 of 7356 patients (11.4%; 3.7 events per 100 person-years) in the exenatide group and in 905 of 7396 patients (12.2%; 4.0 events per 100 person-years) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83 to 1.00), with the intention-to-treat analysis indicating that exenatide, administered once weekly, was noninferior to placebo with respect to safety (P<0.001 for noninferiority) but was not superior to placebo with respect to efficacy (P=0.06 for superiority). The rates of death from cardiovascular causes, fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal or nonfatal stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, and hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome, and the incidence of acute pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and serious adverse events did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with type 2 diabetes with or without previous cardiovascular disease, the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events did not differ significantly between patients who received exenatide and those who received placebo. (Funded by Amylin Pharmaceuticals; EXSCEL ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01144338.

A crowdsourced analysis to identify ab initio molecular signatures predictive of susceptibility to viral infection

The response to respiratory viruses varies substantially between individuals, and there are currently no known molecular predictors from the early stages of infection. Here we conduct a community-based analysis to determine whether pre- or early post-exposure molecular factors could predict physiologic responses to viral exposure. Using peripheral blood gene expression profiles collected from healthy subjects prior to exposure to one of four respiratory viruses (H1N1, H3N2, Rhinovirus, and RSV), as well as up to 24 h following exposure, we find that it is possible to construct models predictive of symptomatic response using profiles even prior to viral exposure. Analysis of predictive gene features reveal little overlap among models; however, in aggregate, these genes are enriched for common pathways. Heme metabolism, the most significantly enriched pathway, is associated with a higher risk of developing symptoms following viral exposure. This study demonstrates that pre-exposure molecular predictors can be identified and improves our understanding of the mechanisms of response to respiratory viruses

EXTERNAL LOAD INFLUENCE ON THE INTERACTION OF DISLOCATIONS WITH POINT DEFECTS

Real crystals, containing dislocations and point defects, are considered in the paper aiming at the theoretical investigation of diffusion processes, flowing in the field of a dislocation nucleus in an external load field. Their influence on the modification of plastic properties of crystals is aslo investigated in the paper. During the investigation methods of statistical physics and thermodynamics have been used as well as methods of mathematical physics and numerical modelling. As a result the new physics model of the diffusion kinetics in the field of a dislocation nucleus has been developed. The system of equations, describing this model, has been composed and solved. Processes of the modification of crystal plastic properties and internal friction in an external load field have been described. New methods for the determination of parameters of a disclocation structure and dislocation-admixture interaction on the internal friction results have been developed. New methods for the separation of dynamic and hysteresis losses have been created. Methods of the crystal disordering have been suggestedAvailable from VNTIC / VNTIC - Scientific & Technical Information Centre of RussiaSIGLERURussian Federatio

Microsatellite DNA-markers in the study of the gene pool of fruit crops

This article describes development of multilocus SSR-markers sets for genotyping Pyrus, Prunus, and Malus from various genetic collections of the South of Russia. Generated multiplex sets of SSR-markers were used in the certification of cultivated varieties and in the analysis of the genetic structure of Pyrus, Prunus and Malus species collections. The results of SSR genotyping of pear, apple, plum and sweet cherry made it possible to establish genetic relationships between varieties, including groups of modern varieties of Russian and foreign breeding and, in turn, local autochthonous varieties. In general, the use of these multiplexes has confirmed their effectiveness in solving the assigned tasks

Development of rice variety with blast resistance genes Pi-b and Pi-z basing on DNA-technologies

The article presents stages of development and testing new rice variety Nautilus with blast resistance genes Pi-b and Pi-z. Basing on the use of DNA-marking methods, breeding material carrying the target genes was developed. The obtained material was studied in the links of breeding process in the field. Based on the results of field testing, 6 lines were identified, of which VNIIR 6016 turned out to be the best in terms of a complex of economically valuable traits. In 2016, this sample was transferred to the State variety testing under the name Nautilus. In 2019, a new rice variety Nautilus was included in the register of breeding achievements and approved for use in the Russian Federation in Krasnodar region. The study of variety Nautilus in 2019-2020 in an ecological test confirmed its high resistance to blast, in comparison with other released varieties. It took 10 - 12 years to develop the variety

The using of gene-oriented SCoT markers in genotyping of the Apple genus (

This paper discusses the aspects of optimization of the SCoT genotyping method for representatives of the genus Apple (Malus Mill.), including the orchard apple (Malus domestica). Special attention is paid to the methods of total DNA isolation from apple plant tissue, which is due to the sensitivity of multilocus marker systems to the quality of the nucleic acid preparation. On a sample of total DNA isolated from the leaves of the Golden Delicious cultivar, 18 SCoT markers were tested, from which 4 Malus Mill cultivars and species most promising for genotyping were selected

PCR-RFLP ITS-based analysis of wine yeast autochthonous strains isolated from different grape cultivars in Taman subregion

The studies present the results of morphological, cultural and genetic analysis of the ITS1-ITS4 region of the autochthonous yeast strains genome by using the HaeIII restriction enzyme. On the red and white grapes varieties, based on the morphology of the cells, autochthonous strains belonging to the genus Saccharomyces prevail – 83.3%, what is confirmed by genetic analysis of rDNA ITS region. Restriction analysis showed that all strains of the genus Saccharomyces belong to the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae / S. paradoxus. The percentage of Saccharomyces isolated on the Pervenets Magaracha variety is 86.7%, Krasnostop Anapsky - 80%. The non-Saccharomyces yeast had a product size of 750 bp, presumably of the species Hanseniaspora uvarum

Розробка методу захисту від атак нульового дня на базі аналітичної моделі зміни станів мережевої пісочниці

This paper reports a method of protection against zero-day attacks using SandBox technology based on the developed analytical model with a probabilistic ranking of information system states. The model takes into consideration the conditions of a priori uncertainty regarding the parameters of the destructive flow on the system, accounting for the typical procedures of the network SandBox. The proposed model of information system states makes it possible to analyze and track all possible states, as well as assess the level of security in these states, and the probability of transitions into them. Thus, it is possible to identify the most dangerous ones and track the activities that caused the corresponding changes. The fundamental difference between this model and standard approaches is the weight coefficients that characterize not the intensity of random events but the intensity of transitions between states. Direct implementation and application of the proposed analytical model involved the technology of multilevel network "SandBoxes". The difference from other popular anti-virus tools is the use of a priori mathematical threat assessment, which makes it possible to detect influences that are not considered threats by classical systems until the moment of harm to the system. The combination with standard security tools makes it possible to separately analyze files that are too large in size, whether they enter the system not through a common gateway controlled by the network "SandBox" but from the external media of end-users. The implementation of the developed analytical model has made it possible to improve the level of protection of the corporate network by 15 %, based on the number of detected threats. This difference is explained by the inability of classical software to detect new threats if they are not already listed in the database of the program, and their activity is not trivialПредставлен метод защиты от атак нулевого дня с использованием технологии песочниц на основе разработанной аналитической модели с вероятностным ранжированием состояний информационной системы. В модели учтены условия априорной неопределенности относительно параметров потока деструктивного влияния на систему с учетом типовых процедур сетевой песочницы. Предложенная модель состояний информационной системы позволяет анализировать и отслеживать все возможные состояния и оценивать уровень безопасности в этих состояниях, и вероятности переходов между ними. Таким образом, можно обнаружить самые опасные состояния, и отследить активности, которые стали причиной соответствующих изменений. Принципиальное отличие данной модели от стандартных подходов заключается в весовых коэффициентах, которые характеризуют не интенсивность возникновения случайных событий, а интенсивность переходов между состояниями. Для непосредственной реализации и имплементации предложенной аналитической модели использованы технологии многоуровневых сетевых "песочниц". Отличие от других популярных антивирусных средств заключается в использовании априорной математической оценки угроз, позволяющей выявить воздействия, которые не рассматриваются как угрозы классическими системами до момента нанесения вреда системе. Сочетание со стандартными средствами защиты позволяет отдельно анализировать файлы, которые слишком велики по размеру, или поступают в систему не через общий шлюз, контролируемый сетевой “песочницей”, а с внешних носителей конечных пользователей. Внедрение разработанной аналитической модели позволило улучшить уровень защиты корпоративной сети на 15%, согласно количеству выявленных угроз. Такая разница объясняется неспособностью классических программ выявить новые угрозы, если они еще не занесены в базу программы, и их активность не является тривиальнойПредставлено метод захисту від атак нульового дня з використанням технології пісочниць на основі розробленої аналітичної моделі з ймовірнісним ранжуванням станів інформаційної системи. В моделі враховано умови апріорної невизначеності щодо параметрів потоку деструктивного впливу на систему з врахуванням типових процедур мережевої пісочниці. Запропонована модель станів інформаційної системи дозволяє аналізувати та відслідковувати всі можливі стани та оцінювати рівень безпеки в цих станах, та ймовірності переходів до них. Таким чином,&nbsp; можливо виявити найбільш небезпечні, та відслідкувати активності, що стали причиною відповідних змін. Принципова відмінність даної моделі від стандартних підходів полягає в вагових коефіцієнтах, що характеризують не інтенсивність виникнення випадкових подій, а інтенсивність переходів між станами. Для безпосередньої реалізації та застосування запропонованої аналітичної моделі використано технології багаторівневих мережевих “пісочниць”. Відмінність від інших популярних антивірусних засобів полягає у використанні апріорної математичної оцінки загроз, що дозволяє виявити впливи, що не розглядаються як загрози класичними системами до моменту нанесення шкоди системі.&nbsp; Поєднання зі стандартними засобами захисту дозволяє окремо аналізувати файли, які є занадто великими за розміром, чи надходять до системи не через загальний шлюз, що контролюється мережевою “пісочницею”, а з зовнішніх носіїв кінцевих користувачів. &nbsp;&nbsp; Впровадження розробленої аналітичної моделі дозволило покращити рівень захисту корпоративної мережі на 15 %, відповідно до кількості виявлених загроз. Така різниця пояснюється нездатністю класичних програм виявити нові загрози, якщо вони ще не занесені до бази програми, та їх активність не є тривіально

Micropropagation of Hardy Hibiscus (Hibiscus Moscheutos L.)

Hardy hibiscus (Hibiscus x moscheutos L.) is gaining popularity as a landscape plant and the accelerated increase in the volume of planting material is of particular relevance. The work investigated the effect of the concentration of 6-BAP (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mg / L) on the shoot formation of hibiscus of the following varieties: cv. Cranberry Crush, Fantasia, Fireball, Jazzberry Jam. It was revealed that the concentration of 6-BAP 0.5 mg / L is optimal for the proliferation of microshoots of Hibiscus x moscheutos L. With the increase in the concentration of 6-BAP, the number of formed microshoots decreases