KARAKTERISTIK PEMBAKARAN PADA MESO SCALE COMBUSTOR DENGAN BAHAN BAKAR BUTAN DAN LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS

Increasing energy consumption causes problems of natural resources, especially fossil energy. Micro Power Generator (MPG) is a technological breakthrough that can help save fossil energy. There are two main parts to MPG, namely micro or meso scale combustor and a converter module. For optimizing meso scale combustor, the best fuel is needed between LPG and Butane. This research was conducted to determine the combustion characteristics of meso combustor at the equivalent variation ratio of 1.15 and 1.20 at the reactant rate of 30 cm / s. The study was conducted on ignition of the combustor meso scale space with dimensions of 30 ml in length and 3.5 ml in diameter, with variations in the supply of air in fixed fuel supply. Combustion characteristics include temperature and color of fire. Butane flame temperature in the variety of equivalent ratio is higher than that of LPG fire. The fire color produced by Butana is dark blue and light blue LPG. This shows that the combustion of butane in meso combustor is better than LPG. Keyword: Butane, LPG, combustor meso scale, fire color, flame temperatur

Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in sputum of severe asthma with inflammasome and neutrophil activation

BACKGROUND: Because of altered airway microbiome in asthma, we analysed the bacterial species in sputum of patients with severe asthma. METHODS: Whole genome sequencing was performed on induced sputum from non-smoking (SAn) and current or ex-smoker (SAs/ex) severe asthma patients, mild/moderate asthma (MMA) and healthy controls (HC). Data were analysed by asthma severity, inflammatory status and transcriptome-associated clusters (TACs). RESULTS: α-diversity at the species level was lower in SAn and SAs/ex, with an increase in Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis, and Haemophilus influenzae and Tropheryma whipplei, respectively, compared to HC. In neutrophilic asthma, there was greater abundance of Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis and in eosinophilic asthma, Tropheryma whipplei was increased. There was a reduction in α-diversity in TAC1 and TAC2 that expressed high levels of Haemophilus influenzae and Tropheryma whipplei, and Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis, respectively, compared to HC. Sputum neutrophils correlated positively with Moraxella catarrhalis and negatively with Prevotella, Neisseria and Veillonella species and Haemophilus parainfluenzae. Sputum eosinophils correlated positively with Tropheryma whipplei which correlated with pack-years of smoking. α- and β-diversities were stable at one year. CONCLUSIONS: Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis were more abundant in severe neutrophilic asthma and TAC2 linked to inflammasome and neutrophil activation, while Haemophilus influenzae and Tropheryma whipplei were highest in SAs/ex and in TAC1 associated with highest expression of IL-13 type 2 and ILC2 signatures with the abundance of Tropheryma whipplei correlating positively with sputum eosinophils. Whether these bacterial species drive the inflammatory response in asthma needs evaluation

Aging diminishes the resistance of AO rats to EAE: putative role of enhanced generation of GM-CSF Expressing CD4+T cells in aged rats

Background: Aging influences immune response and susceptibility to EAE in a strain specific manner. The study was designed to examine influence of aging on EAE induction in Albino Oxford (AO) rats. Results: Differently from 3-month-old (young) rats, which were resistant to EAE induction, the majority of aged (24-26-month-old) rats developed mild chronic form of EAE. On 16th day post-immunization, when in aged rats the neurological deficit reached plateau, more mononuclear cells, including CD4+ T lymphocytes was retrieved from spinal cord of aged than young rats. The frequencies of IL-17+ and GM-CSF+ cells within spinal cord infiltrating CD4+ lymphocytes were greater in aged rats. To their increased frequency contributed the expansion of GM-CSF + IL-17 + IFN-gamma+ cells, which are highly pathogenic in mice. The expression of the cytokines (IL-1 beta and IL-23/p19) driving GM-CSF + IL-17 + IFN-gamma + cell differentiation in mice was also augmented in aged rat spinal cord mononuclear cells. Additionally, in aged rat spinal cord the expansion of GM-CSF + IL-17-IFN-gamma- CD4+ T lymphocytes was found. Consistently, the expression of mRNAs for IL-3, the cytokine exhibiting the same expression pattern as GM-CSF, and IL-7, the cytokine driving differentiation of GM-CSF + IL-17-IFN-gamma- CD4 + lymphocytes in mice, was upregulated in aged rat spinal cord mononuclear cells, and the tissue, respectively. This was in accordance with the enhanced generation of the brain antigen-specific GM-CSF+ CD4+ lymphocytes in aged rat draining lymph nodes, as suggested by (i) the higher frequency of GM-CSF+ cells (reflecting the expansion of IL-17-IFN-gamma- cells) within their CD4+ lymphocytes and (ii) the upregulated GM-CSF and IL-3 mRNA expression in fresh CD4+ lymphocytes and MBP-stimulated draining lymph node cells and IL-7 mRNA in lymph node tissue from aged rats. In agreement with the upregulated GM-CSF expression in aged rats, strikingly more CD11b + CD45(int) (activated microglia) and CD45(hi) (mainly proinflammatory dendritic cells and macrophages) cells was retrieved from aged than young rat spinal cord. Besides, expression of mRNA for SOCS1, a negative regulator of proinflammatory cytokine expression in innate immunity cells, was downregulated in aged rat spinal cord mononuclear cells. Conclusions: The study revealed that aging may overcome genetic resistance to EAE, and indicated the cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to this phenomenon in AO rats

LAPORAN INDIVIDU PRAKTIK PENGALAMAN LAPANGAN (PPL) SMP NEGERI 4 DEPOK

Praktik Pengalaman Lapangan (PPL), merupakan suatu bentuk usaha peningkatan efisiensi dan kualitas penyelenggaraan proses pembelajaran yang merupakan bentuk pembelajaran mahasiswa UNY dengan cara memberikan pengalaman belajar kepada mahasiswa untuk mencari pengetahuan di luar kampus yakni pengalaman mengajar, memperluas wawasan, pelatihan dan pengembangan kompetensi yang diperlukan dalam bidang yang ditekuni, peningkatan keterampilan, kemandirian, tanggung jawab, dan kemampuan dalam memecahkan masalah. PPL bertujuan untuk melatih mahasiswa untuk menetapkan pengetahuan dan kemampuan yang telah dimiliki dalam suatu proses pembelajaran sesuai bidang studinya masing-masing sehingga mahasiswa memiliki pengalaman faktual yang dapat digunakan sebagai dasar untuk mengembangkan diri sebagai calon tenaga kependidikan yang sadar akan tugas dan tanggung jawabnya sebagai tenaga akademis kependidikan. Harapan yang ingin dicapai adalah mahasiswa dapat meningkatkan pengertian, pemahaman dan penghayatan tentang pelaksanaan pendidikan, mendapat kesempatan untuk mempraktikan bekal yang telah diperoleh selama perkuliahan ke dalam proses pembelajaran dan kegiatan pendidikan yang lain serta mampu mendewasakan cara berpikir dan meningkatkan daya penalaran mahasiswa dalam melakukan penelaahan, perumusan, dan pemecahan masalah kependidikan yang ada di sekolah. Standar kompetensi PPL dirumuskan dengan mengacu pada tuntutan empat kompetensi guru baik dalam konteks pembelajaran maupun dalam konteks kehidupan guru sebagai anggota masyarakat yakni kompetensi pedagogik, kompetensi kepribadian, kompetensi profesional, dan kompetensi sosial. Rangkaian kegiatan PPL dimulai sejak mahasiswa di kampus sampai datang di sekolah tempat praktek. Sebelum pelaksanaan PPL mahasiswa melakukan kegiatan praPPL yaitu kegiatan sosialisasi awal kepada mahasiswa melalui mata kuliah pegajaran mikro (micro teaching) dan kegiatan observasi langsung ke lokasi PPL yaitu SMP Negeri 4 Depok. Kegiatan observasi ini dilaksanakan agar mahasiswa dapat mengamati karakteristik komponen pendidikan, potensi siswa, kondisi fisik sekolah yang mendukung proses pembelajaran, dan norma yang berlaku di sekolah sehingga mahasiswa mendapatkan gambaran secara umum mengenai kondisi dan situasi SMP Negeri 4 Depok. Mahasiswa melakukan observasi pada kondisi fisik sekolah yang mendukung proses pembelajaran 2 mata pelajaran Pendidikan Seni Budaya dan observasi mengenai proses belajar mengajar di ruang kelas