Crystal Structure Of 2,2-Dimethyl Succinic Acid

Scopu

Dissolution Process Observation of Methane Bubbles in the Deep Ocean Simulator Facility

To investigate the temperature dependency of the methane bubble dissolution rate, buoyant single methane bubbles were held stationary in a countercurrent water flow at a pressure of 6.9 MPa and temperatures ranging from 288 K to 303 K. The 1 to 3 mm diameter bubbles were analyzed by observation through the pressure chamber viewport using a bi-telecentric CCD camera. The dissolution rate in artificial seawater was approximately two times smaller than that in pure water. Furthermore, it was observed that the methane bubble dissolution rate increased with temperature, suggesting that bubble dissolution is a thermal activation process (the activation energy is estimated to be 9.0 kJ/mol). The results were different from the expected values calculated using the governing equation for methane dissolution in water. The dissolution modeling of methane bubbles in the mid-to-shallow depth of seawater was revised based on the current results

Tongue Pressure in Healthy Populations:A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVES Tongue pressure (TP) is used for the diagnosis of oral hypofunction, however, the impact of several variables on TP is unclear. Therefore, the current systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to analyze the variability in tongue-pressure among healthy individuals aged ≥60 years versus <60 years. Secondary outcomes were the influence of gender and the type of measuring device (Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI) vs. JMS tongue pressure measurement device (JMS)). METHODS PubMed and the Japanese database Ichu-Shi-Web were searched systematically by two independent reviewers for studies reporting TP values in healthy populations. Clinical studies published between 1959 and June 2020 with more than 10 participants, written in English, German, or Japanese were included. A random-effects meta-regression for aggregate-level data was applied (α<0.05). RESULTS Sixty-eight studies reported TP for a total of 13773 subjects aged <60 years (n=3265) and ≥60 years (n=10508). TP was significantly higher in subjects <60 years (estimated weighted mean (EWM)±standard error=51.9±1.28kPa; 95%CI=49.4-54.4) relative to those ≥60 (EWM=34.7±0.94kPa; 95%CI=32.8-36.5) (p< 0.001), men (EWM= 45.9±2.09kPa; 95%CI=41.8-50.0) relative to women (EWM=39.3±1.68kPa; 95%CI=36.0-42.6) (p=0.015), and when assessed with the IOPI (EWM=51.9±1.32kPa; 95%CI=49.3-54.5) compared to the JMS (EWM =33.5±0.63kPa; 95%CI=32.2-34.7) (p<0.001). In terms of gender, there was no significant difference in TP among subjects ≥60 years (p=0.282). However, in subjects younger than 60, a significant difference was observed (p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS Healthy populations aged <60 years showed significantly higher TP than those aged ≥60 years. TP values ascertained by the IOPI are significantly higher than those obtained with the JMS. (247 words)