Molecular characterization and validation of commercially available methods for haptoglobin measurement in bottlenose dolphin

AbstractHaptoglobin (Hp) is a positive acute-phase protein and a valuable marker of inflammation in both human and veterinary medicine. The aim of this study was to validate the molecular characterization of Hp in dolphins and to validate commercially available Hp measurement methods such as Hp-ELISA (originally designed for pigs) and Hp–hemoglobin (Hb) binding assay. The dolphin Hp (dHp) amino acid sequence appeared most similar to pig Hp by sequence homology and phylogenetic clustering. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that dHp comprises the Hp1 form of α1 and β chains. The anti-pig Hp antibody cross-reacted with both recombinant dHp, expressed by Escherichia coli, and dHp from serum. The intra- and inter-assay levels of imprecision of pig Hp-ELISA and the Hp–Hb binding assay were found to be tolerable for the determination of Hp in dolphin, and there was no significant discrepancy between the two determination methods. The ability of the assay to differentiate between healthy and inflammation groups was investigated, and a significant increase in Hp concentration was detected in inflammatory conditions. Thus, Hp is a useful inflammation marker for dolphin, and the Hp concentration in dolphin serum samples can be reliably measured using commercially available pig Hp-ELISA and Hp–Hb binding assay

Molecular epidemiology of livestock rabies viruses isolated in the northeastern Brazilian states of Paraíba and Pernambuco from 2003 - 2009

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Limited or no epidemiological information has been reported for rabies viruses (RABVs) isolated from livestock in the northeastern Brazilian states of Paraíba (PB) and Pernambuco (PE). The aim of this study was to clarify the molecular epidemiology of RABVs circulating in livestock, especially cattle, in these areas between 2003 and 2009.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>Phylogenetic analysis based on 890 nt of the nucleoprotein (N) gene revealed that the 52 livestock-derived RABV isolates characterized here belonged to a single lineage. These isolates clustered with a vampire bat-related RABV lineage previously identified in other states in Brazil; within PB and PE, this lineage was divided between the previously characterized main lineage and a novel sub-lineage.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The occurrences of livestock rabies in PB and PE originated from vampire bat RABVs, and the causative RABV lineage has been circulating in this area of northeastern Brazil for at least 7 years. This distribution pattern may correlate to that of a vampire bat population isolated by geographic barriers.</p

Molecular epidemiological tracing of a cattle rabies outbreak lasting less than a month in Rio Grande do Sul in southern Brazil

Abstract\ud \ud Background\ud Vampire bat-transmitted cattle rabies cases are typically encountered in areas where the disease is endemic. However, over the period of a month in 2009, an outbreak of cattle rabies occurred and then ended spontaneously in a small area of the Rio Grande do Sul State in southern Brazil. To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of this rabies outbreak in Rio Grande do Sul, 26 nucleotide sequences of rabies virus (RABV) genomes that were collected in this area were analyzed phylogenetically.\ud \ud \ud Results\ud Nucleotide sequence identities of the nucleoprotein gene and G–L intergenic region of the 26 RABVs were greater than 99.6 %. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all RABVs clustered with the vampire bat-related cattle RABV strains and that the RABVs were mainly distributed in southern Brazil.\ud \ud \ud Conclusions\ud The findings of the present study suggested that a small population of rabid vampire bats carrying a single RABV strain produced a spatiotemporally restricted outbreak of cattle rabies in southern Brazil.This study was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research\ud (24580453) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and the\ud Strategic Research Base Development Program, “International joint research\ud and training of young researchers for zoonosis control in a globalized world”,\ud and a matching fund subsidy from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,\ud Science and Technology of Japan (S0991023 and S1491007)

Absence of the guttural pouch in a newborn Indian rhinoceros demonstrated by three-dimensional image observations

Abstract. CT scanning and its related three-dimensional image techniques were applied for a carcass head of a newborn Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) to clarify if the guttural pouch is well-developed or not in the early growth stages of this species. Observations from the sections of the CT three-dimensional reconstructed image reveal that the guttural pouch is not present around the stylohyoid bone in a new born Indian rhinoceros. Since the absence of the guttural pouch has been confirmed also in adult rhinoceros, we can point out that the guttural pouch does not disappear during the growth stages, but is originally absent in the newborn. Although the well-developed guttural pouch in the horse and ass has attracted anatomists, we can conclude that the guttural pouch is not commonly observed in the perissodactyls, but in a few species of Equus, and that the guttural pouch is adapted only to restricted roles in the smaller taxa within perissodactyls. Key words: CT, growth, guttural pouch, perissodactyls, Rhinoceros unicornis. The accessory apparatus of the respiratory system such as guttural pouch (auditory tube diverticulum) has remained morphologically unclear in large-sized mammals. The perissodactyls have attracted comparative anatomists since the well-developed guttural pouch was observed in the domesticated horse (Bourdelle and Bresso

Molecular and geographic analyses of vampire bat-transmitted cattle rabies in central Brazil

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Vampire bats are important rabies virus vectors, causing critical problems in both the livestock industry and public health sector in Latin America. In order to assess the epidemiological characteristics of vampire bat-transmitted rabies, the authors conducted phylogenetic and geographical analyses using sequence data of a large number of cattle rabies isolates collected from a wide geographical area in Brazil.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Partial nucleoprotein genes of rabies viruses isolated from 666 cattle and 18 vampire bats between 1987 and 2006 were sequenced and used for phylogenetic analysis. The genetic variants were plotted on topographical maps of Brazil.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In this study, 593 samples consisting of 24 genetic variants were analyzed. Regional localization of variants was observed, with the distribution of several variants found to be delimited by mountain ranges which served as geographic boundaries. The geographical distributions of vampire-bat and cattle isolates that were classified as the identical phylogenetic group were found to overlap with high certainty. Most of the samples analyzed in this study were isolated from adjacent areas linked by rivers.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study revealed the existence of several dozen regional variants associated with vampire bats in Brazil, with the distribution patterns of these variants found to be affected by mountain ranges and rivers. These results suggest that epidemiological characteristics of vampire bat-related rabies appear to be associated with the topographical and geographical characteristics of areas where cattle are maintained, and the factors affecting vampire bat ecology.</p

Estudo imunológico e genético de 10 isolados do vírus da raiva de morcegos do Rio de Janeiro, Sudeste do Brasil

O presente trabalho visou estudar dez isolados de vírus da raiva de morcegos hematófagos e não-hematófagos do Estado do Rio de Janeiro em suas características genéticas quanto aos genes N e G. Além disso, estudou-se a resposta de camundongos vacinados com a vacina antirrábica produzida pela replicação da amostra Pitman-Moore em cultivo celular, frente ao desafio com estes isolados virais, utilizando-se um ensaio imunológico baseado no teste de potência NIH. A vacina antirrábica utilizada na imunização dos camundongos ofereceu proteção em mais de 80% dos camundongos vacinados com a diluição 1:5 da vacina, frente à maioria dos isolados. A análise filogenética do gene da proteína N apresentou um padrão de agregação dividido em variante de morcego hematófago e variante de morcego insetívoro, com todos os isolados de morcegos frugívoros Artibeus sp. tendo sido segregados com a variante característica de morcegos Desmodus rotundus. Foram observadas diferenças filogenéticas entre as variantes do vírus da raiva de morcego hematófago isoladas na Região Noroeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e aquelas isoladas nas Regiões Metropolitana e Sul do Estado. A substituição do resíduo ácido aspártico por ácido glutâmico na posição 118, encontradas na caracterização genética da proteína G dos isolados 704/97BR-DR e 151/98BR-DR, permite inferir que esta posição esteja relacionada à antigenicidade viral. Não foram observadas diferenças genéticas temporais entre os isolados estudados. A vacina antirrábica utilizada ofereceu proteção satisfatória contra a maioria dos isolados estudados.In the present study we analyzed ten bats rabies viruses isolated from Rio de Janeiro State, focusing on its genetic characteristics from genes N and G, and also in the response of mice vaccinated with cell-culture rabies vaccine, produced with the Pitman-Moore strain, after viral challenge with bat rabies isolates, using an immunologic essay based on NIH vaccine potency test. The vaccine used conferred protection in more than 80% of the mice vaccinated with 1:15 vaccine dilution, after viral challenge. N gene genetic analysis divided the rabies virus isolates into haematophagous and insectivorous bat variants, with all isolates from Artibeus sp. frugivorous bats being clustered with the variant characteristic of the Desmodus rotundus vampire bat. Phylogenetic differences between isolates from Northeast Region and those from the Metropolitan and South Regions of Rio de Janeiro State were observed. The substitution of an aspartic acid to a glutamic acid found in the position 118 of G gene genetic characterization from samples 704/97BR-DR and 151/98BR-DR seems to be related to viral antigenicity. There were no time-related genetic differences between the studied samples. The vaccine employed was found with satisfactory protection against the majority of the isolates used

Epidemiology of vampire bat-transmitted rabies virus in Goiás, central Brazil: re-evaluation based on G-L intergenic region

Abstract Background Vampire bat related rabies harms both livestock industry and public health sector in central Brazil. The geographical distributions of vampire bat-transmitted rabies virus variants are delimited by mountain chains. These findings were elucidated by analyzing a high conserved nucleoprotein gene. This study aims to elucidate the detailed epidemiological characters of vampire bat-transmitted rabies virus by phylogenetic methods based on 619-nt sequence including unconserved G-L intergenic region. Findings The vampire bat-transmitted rabies virus isolates divided into 8 phylogenetic lineages in the previous nucleoprotein gene analysis were divided into 10 phylogenetic lineages with significant bootstrap values. The distributions of most variants were reconfirmed to be delimited by mountain chains. Furthermore, variants in undulating areas have narrow distributions and are apparently separated by mountain ridges. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the 619-nt sequence including G-L intergenic region is more useful for a state-level phylogenetic analysis of rabies virus than the partial nucleoprotein gene, and simultaneously that the distribution of vampire bat-transmitted RABV variants tends to be separated not only by mountain chains but also by mountain ridges, thus suggesting that the diversity of vampire bat-transmitted RABV variants was delimited by geographical undulations

Self-Turn-on-Free 5V Gate Driving for 1200V Scaled IGBT

Negative biasing of the gate voltage in a scaled insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) during the off-state was modeled and found to be effective against self-turn-on failures. The required self-turn-on-free criteria were verified experimentally.31st IEEE International Symposium on Power Semiconductor Devices and ICs (ISPSD 2019), 19-23 May 2019, Shanghai, Chin

Open-source Software for Developing Anthropomorphic Spoken Dialog Agents

An architecture for highly-interactive human-like spoken-dialog agent is discussed in this paper. In order to easily integrate the modules of different characteristics including speech recognizer, speech synthesizer, facial-image synthesizer and dialog controller, each module is modeled as a virtual machine that has a simple common interface and is connected to each other through a broker (communication manager). The agent system under development is supported by the IPA and it will be publicly available as a software toolkit this year