Effect of drinking water quality on non-communicable diseases with special reference to fluorosis in Haveri district, India

The concentration of fluorine and mineralisation exceeds in the potable water leads to the arise of NCD (Non-communicable Disease) in India. It also generates adverse impacts to the children. There are numerous disease caused to human in association with the poor quality of water. In addition to, the extra burden is the prevalence of NCD due to poor sanitation. Hence, the present research aims to examine the characteristics of drinking water in Haveri. Also, it examines the existence of fluorosis among the populace of Haveri. The populace are investigated regarding the quality of drinking water. The present study implements quantitative techniques utilizing the software package SPSS version 23. An organised questionnaire survey practice is applied to gather the data from the populace of Haveri. Purposive sampling strategy has been implemented for data analysis. The goal behind the system is to gather data associating to the quality parameters of the drinking water and its impact on the prevalence of dental fluorosis. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests are accomplished in the study. The outcomes of the study reveals the phyisco-chemical characteristics of drinking water in the pre as well as post monsoon period. Furthermore, the study also evaluate the dental and skeletal fluorosis existence in the regions of Haveri. The study also focus on investigating the association amongst the quality of drinking water and NCD in the district of Haveri. The study recommends the Government to provide quality water to the community for the minimisation of NCDs prevalence among the region of Haveri

Copyright law and the Internet : in modern South African law

Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Internet is coming more and more into focus of national and international legislation. Especially with regard to copyright law, the rapid growth of the Internet, its global character, its novel technical applications and its private and commercial use by millions of people makes the control over a work complicated and raises copyright problems all over the world. Present legislation is therefore challenged to avoid gaps in the law. Considering the rapid growth of online providers and users in South Africa, it is likely that copyright disputes with regard to the Internet will evolve here soon. In this dissertation, the "world" of the Internet and its lawfulness with regard to existing South African copyright law will be examined. The examination tries to establish whether South African copyright law is able to cope with the present Internet problems and whether it leads to reasonable results. The first chapter of this dissertation will give an overview of the basic principles of the Internet, including the history, development and function of the Internet. Furthermore the changing aspects by means of diqital technology will be discussed. Because the global character of the Internet lead to "international" infringements, governments are considering the prospect of reaching international accord on the protection of intellectual property in the digital era. In chapter two, the present international harmonisation of copyright law will be introduced. Especially the quick adoption of the World Intellectual Property Organisation Treaties in December 1996 demonstrated that an international realisation for a call for action is existing. In chapter three, the application of South African copyright law with regard to the Internet will be discussed. First, it will be examined if a digital work on the Internet is protected in the same way as a "traditional" work. Second, the various rights of the copyright holder are discussed in connection with the use of a work on the Internet. Third, the potential application of the exclusive rights of the copyright holder to various actions on the Internet, such as caching, Web linking and operating an online service will be discussed. The Internet is a worldwide entity, and, as such, copyright infringement on this system is an international problem. The scenario of global, simultaneous exploitation of works on the Internet conflicts sharply with the current system of international copyright protection, which is firmly based on national copyright laws with territorial effects. Section four provides therefore an overview of the applicable law on an international net and analyses the necessity and borders of protection.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Nasionale en internasionale wetgewing fokus in In toenemende mate op die Internet. Die versnelde groei van die Internet, sy wêreldkarakter, sy nuwe tegnologiese aanwendings en sy private en kommersiële gebruik deur miljoene mense maak beheer oor In werk baie gekompliseerd en skep veral outeursregprobleme regoor die wêreld. Wetgewing soos dit tans is, word dus uitgedaag om die leemtes in die reg te ondervang. Gegewe die vinnige groei van gekoppelde verskaffers en gebruikers in Suid-Afrika, is dit waarskynlik dat - outeursreggeskille met betrekking tot die Internet binnekort ook hier gaan ontwikkel. In hierdie verhandeling gaan die "wêreld" van die Internet en sy wettigheid onder bestaande Suid-Afrikaanse outeursregwetgewing ondersoek word. In die ondersoek word gepoog om vas te stelof Suid-Afrikaanse outeursregwetgewing geskik is om die Internetprobieme wat tans bestaan te hanteer en of dit lei tot aanvaarbare resultate. Die eerste hoofstuk van die verhandeling sal In oorsig gee van die basiese beginsels van die Internet, insluitende die geskiedenis, ontwikkeling en funksie van die Internet. Verder sal die veranderende aspekte as gevolg van digitale tegnologie bespreek word. Die wêreldkarakter van die Internet gee aanleiding tot "internasionale" inbreukmakings en om hierdie rede oorweeg regerings die moontlikheid van internasionale ooreenkomste oor die beskerming van intellektuele eiendom in die digitale era. In hoofstuk twee word die bestaande internasionale harmonisering van outeursreg bespreek. Veral die vinnige aanname van die World Intellectual Property Organisation se verdrae in Desember 1996, illustreer dat daar In internasionale bewustheid is dat iets in die verband gedoen moet word. In die derde hoofstuk word die aanwending van die Suid-Afrikaanse outeursreg met betrekking tot die Internet bespreek. Eerstens word ondersoek of a digitale werk op die Internet op dieselfde wyse as 'n "tradisionele" werk beskerm kan word. Tweedens word die verskillende regte van die outeursreghebbende in verband met die gebruik van 'n werk op die Internet, bespreek. Derdens word die potensiële aanwending van die eksklusiewe regte van die outeursreghebbende op verskillende aksies op die Internet, soos byvoorbeeld kasberging, web koppeling en die werking van 'n gekoppelde diens, bespreek. Die Internet is 'n wêreldwye verskynsel en sodanig is outeursreginbreukmaking op hierdie stelsel 'n internasionale probleem. Die scenario van 'n wêreldwye, gelyktydige uitbuiting van werke op die Internet is in skerp konflik met die huidige stelsel van internasionale outeursregbeskerming wat stewig gegrond is op nasionale wetgewing met territoriale werking. Hoofstuk vier bied daarom 'n oorsig oor die toepaslike reg op 'n internasionale netwerk en analiseer die nodigheid en ook grense van beskerming

Comparative Pharmaceutico - Analytical Study of Kushthaghna Mahakashaya and its Ghanavati w.s.r. to evaluate its shelf life

In this present era of utilization of active principles as a medicine the basic formulations of Bhaishajya Kalpana remain a main source for modern research. The basic formulations are described as Panchavidha Kashaya Kalpanas. Out of these Kashaya Kalpanas, Kwatha Kalpana is an important formulation which is having more potency after Swarasa and Kalka Kalpana. Kashaya has very short shelf life (Saveeryatavadhi). These Kashayas cannot be preserved for longer period. These have to be prepared fresh every day and also the method of preparation is time consuming. Rasakriya (Ghana) is a type of formulation where in the active components can be stored for more days i.e. 3 years (D&C act 161B, w.e.f. 1st April 10). Converting this Kashaya in to Ghana form and then into Ghanavati form may increase the shelf life of the formulation. Along with this it will give a proper shape and dose for the easy administration of medicament. Hence the present research was planned to convert Kushthaghna Mahakashaya Kwatha into Kushthaghna Mahakashaya Ghanavati using standard operating procedure to potentiate active principle in it, and to evaluate shelf life of Kushthaghna Mahakashaya Ghanavati

Comparison of intravenous remifentanil and dexmedetomidine infusions' effects on intraocular pressure and hemodynamy in dacryosystorinostomy operations

Aim: To compare the effects of intravenous infusion of remifentanil and dexmedetomidine on intraocular pressure (IOP) and hemodynamics of patients who underwent dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) operation. Methods: Ninety consecutive patients aged between 20 and 65 who had lacrimal duct stenosis or occlusion scheduled for elective DCR operation were included in the study. Patients were divided into 3 groups as control (Group C), remifentanil infusion (Group R) and dexmedetomidine infusion (Group D). Peroperative intraocular pressures and hemodynamics were evaluated.  Results: According to intraocular pressure levels; although the IOP decreased at the drug loading dose, induction, preextubation and postextubation, it was statistically significantly higher in Group C than in Group R and Group D (p<0,001). Concominantly, IOP was higher in Group R than in Group D during the time periods listed above. Although IOP measurements at the 1st and 5th minutes of intubation decreased compared to the preoperative value, they were higher than those in Group C, Group R, and Group D; 16.43±1.48 mmHg and 15.62±1.43 mmHg respectively (p < 0.001).  However, in these periods there was no statistically significant difference between Group R and Group D. In the postoperative period, the IOP measurements of Group D were significantly lower than those of Group C and Group R, 16.81±1.65 mmHg, 18.21±1.98 mmHg, 18.17±1.29 mmHg, respectively (p< 0.002). Blood pressure and heart rate values decreased more in Group R and Group D compared to Group C during the operation (p < 0.001).      Conclusions: Remifentanil and dexmedetomidine are agents that can be used in intravenous infusions for controlled hypotension in eye surgeries where low IOP is desired. Intraoperative hemodynamic effects are similar. However, considering that it decreases IOP values more in the intraoperative period and lowers IOP values in the postoperative period compared to remifentanil, we believe that dexmedetomidine can be preferred primarily

Regurgitation in healthy and non healthy infants

Uncomplicate regurgitation in otherwise healthy infants is not a disease. It consists of milk flow from mouth during or after feeding. Common causes include overfeeding, air swallowed during feeding, crying or coughing; physical exam is normal and weight gain is adequate. History and physical exam are diagnostic, and conservative therapy is recommended. Pathologic gastroesophageal reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease refers to infants with regurgitation and vomiting associated with poor weight gain, respiratory symptoms, esophagitis. Reflux episodes occur most often during transient relaxations of the lower esophageal sphincter unaccompanied by swallowing, which permit gastric content to flow into the esophagus. A minor proportion of reflux episodes occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter fails to increase pressure during a sudden increase in intraabdominal pressure or when lower esophageal sphincter resting pressure is chronically reduced. Alterations in several protective mechanisms allow physiologic reflux to become gastroesophageal reflux disease; diagnostic approach is both clinical and instrumental: radiological series are useful to exclude anatomic abnormalities; pH-testing evaluates the quantity, frequency and duration of the acid reflux episodes; endoscopy and biopsy are performed in the case of esophagitis. Therapy with H2 receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors are suggested

To study the efficacy of Makarasana as an Agnivardhana Karma

Generally in young age, keeps on doing Mithya Aahara and Vihara which leads to Agnidusthi and which become cause of various diseases. As they work restless, their sedentary habits and stress full lifestyle. They are ought to do Vishamashan, Krodha etc., due to their lifestyle. This type of lifestyle leads to Agnidushti and which becomes cause of various diseases. 80 volunteers of age group 20-40 years were selected for the study. They underwent for clinical study on the basis of number of Lakshanas present. These were taken as subjective parameter and which were Samanya and Vishesh Lakshanas. Those were Arochaka, Vidagdha Udgara, Vishtambha, Aadhmana, Anga-Marda, Atijrumbha, Shirshula, Guru Gatrata, Utklesh. Jarana Kala and Abhyavaharan Shakti were objective parameters, as these two are important to assess Agni of a person. For Jarana Kala gradation was done on the basis of hours of time taken to show Laghuta and Kshuda Bodha, because these are Jeerna Aahara Lakshanas. For Abhyavaran Shakti gradation was done on the basis of quantity of food. To assess Agnivardhana, specific diet chart was prepared by considering their daily requirement of calorie. Volunteers were advised to do three Avartana of Makarasana in the morning; Significant changes were seen in Abhyavaharana Shakti in both groups. 56.7% relief in group A and 72% relief were seen. There were significant changes seen in Jaran Kala in both groups. 54.9% relief in Group A and 74% relief in Group B

Study of Aushadh Sevan Kala in Kaphaja Kasa Vyadhi using Nagaradi Yoga w.s.r. to Grasantar Kala

The present study entitled ‘Study of Aushadha Sevana Kala in Kaphaj Kasa Vyadhi using Nagaradi Yoga with special reference to ‘Grasantar Kala’. Here Clinical study regarding “Kaphaj Kasa” Vyadhi was carried with the help of “Nagaradi Yoga” administered in Grasantar Kala in Group A and at Adhobhakta Kala in Group B 32 patients in each group have been studied with treatment and follow up after each 3 days upto 15 days. Clinical assessment of the patients was done by using criteria regarding Kasa included parameter like no. of Kasa Vega, Kapha Nishtivana, Aruchi, Agnimandya, Chhardi, Utklesha, Gaurava and Peenas. Assessment was done on the basis of scoring pattern designed for them. Asyamadhurya, Kaphapurna Deha, Praliptata, Sashakta Vaishamya and Lomharsha was not observed in any of the patients in this study in any of the group. As data was not available on the above said symptoms, statistical analysis of the symptoms is not needful. When drug was administered at Grasantara Kala more percentage of improvement is observed regarding almost all parameters showed in observation and results. So, it can be statistically concluded that drug administered in Grasantara Bheshaj Kala i.e. 95.84% shows maximum result in Kaphaja Kasa Vyadhi than Adhobhakta Kala i.e. 82.51%

Neutralising capacity against Delta and other variants of concern following Comirnaty vaccination in health care workers, Israel

Since its emergence, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been responsible for more than 170 million cases and 3.5 million deaths. During December 2020 the Comirnaty (BNT162b2 mRNA, BioNTech-Pfizer, Mainz, Germany/New York, United States (US)) vaccine was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and shown to be 95% efficacious in preventing symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clinical and real-world data demonstrated 95% effectiveness of the mRNA- based vaccine against the original SARS-CoV-2 and the Alpha variant. Since December 2020, several SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged and were classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as variants of concern (VOC): Alpha (Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak (Pango) lineage designation B.1.1.7), first detected in the United Kingdom (UK), Beta (B.1.351) first documented in South Africa [5] and Gamma (P.1) initially detected in Brazil. Most recently, in April 2021, the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant was identified in India and classified on May 11 as VOC due to its fast spread and potential immune escape. Here, we describe the neutralising response of sera from healthcare workers without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection following a second vaccine dose against viral isolates of the Delta VOC, and compared it to the response against isolates of the original, the Alpha, Beta and Gamma VOCs

Unveiling the role of cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test in extrapulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis: insights from a cross-sectional study

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is a multifaceted disease that could potentially impact nearly all organs. Current global data indicate a significant variation in the proportion of EPTB among all tuberculosis cases, ranging from 15% to 53%. Clinicians in India express concerns about the efficacy of the cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) in EPTB, as its yield frequently does not align with the findings of the World Health Organization meta-analysis. Hence, the present study was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic yield of CBNAAT in EPTB at a tertiary care hospital. Specifically, the present hospital-based observational cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Respiratory Medicine at a tertiary care hospital from February 2024 to April 2024. A total of 52 patients with presumptive EPTB were enrolled. Demographic information, clinical history, and clinical examination findings were recorded with the help of a standard, semi-structured, pre-validated case record proforma. A composite reference standard (CRS), which was defined by clinical, radiological, laboratory, and histopathological findings and treatment response to antitubercular therapy along the course, was considered. The statistical software, namely SPSS 22.0, was used for the analysis of the data. Among a total of 52 patients, the mean age of patients was 37.42±16.18 years, with the proportion of males being 59.62%. The majority of patients had tuberculosis pleural effusion (63.46%). The pooled diagnostic yield of CBNAAT showed sensitivity and specificity of CBNAAT compared to CRS of 22.22% and 100%, respectively. Culture had the highest sensitivity in diagnosing EPTB in the study population, as compared to CBNAAT, thereby emphasizing the importance of diagnosis by culture method

Influenza vaccine compatibility among hospitalized patients during and after the COVID-19 pandemic

IntroductionFollowing the significant decrease in SARS-CoV-2 cases worldwide, Israel, as well as other countries, have again been faced with a rise in seasonal influenza. This study compared circulating influenza A and B in hospitalized patients in Israel with the influenza strains in the vaccine following the 2021–2022 winter season which was dominated by the omicron variant.MethodsNasopharyngeal samples of 16,325 patients were examined for the detection of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and influenza B. Phylogenetic trees of hemagglutinin were then prepared using sanger sequencing. Vaccine immunogenicity was also performed using the hemagglutination inhibition test.ResultsOf the 16,325 nasopharyngeal samples collected from hospitalized patients between September 2021 (Week 40) and April 2023 (Week 15), 7.5% were found to be positive for influenza. Phylogenetic analyses show that in the 2021–2022 winter season, the leading virus subtype was influenza A(H3N2), belonging to clade 3C.2a1b.2a.2. However, the following winter season was dominated by influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, which belongs to clade 6B.aA.5a.2. The circulating influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 strain showed a shift from the vaccine strain, while the co-circulating influenza A(H3N2) and influenza B strains were similar to those of the vaccine. Antigenic analysis coincided with the sequence analysis.DiscussionInfluenza prevalence during 2022–2023 returned to typical levels as seen prior to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, which may suggest a gradual viral adaptation to SARS-CoV-2 variants. Domination of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was observed uniquely in Israel compared to Europe and USA and phylogenetic and antigenic analysis showed lower recognition of the vaccine with the circulating influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Israel compared to the vaccine