Attributes and Implications of Gender Discriminations in Women’s Education in a Rural Area of Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu: the Findings of Focus Group Discussions

India is a fast-growing economy and the scientific and technical advancements in the county have tremendously improved. But when we look at the state of women in our country, we are very backward and women are subjected to severe gender discriminations. This is evident from our falling sex ratio, gender gap in education, employment, health status and the high rates of violence against women. There are many reasons for this unfortunate status of women in our country. Our social norms, cultural beliefs and the patriarchal mindset have made women vulnerable and deprived of freedom and wellbeing

Studies on some aspects of biology of Uranoscopus cognatus Cantor, 1849 (Pisces: Uranoscopidae) off Visakhapatnam, central eastern coast of India

85-92Present study aims at generating baseline data on biology of the most common species, Uranoscopus cognatus that includes length frequency distribution, Length-Weight Relationship (LWR), population parameters and various aspects of reproductive biology. These studies are based on 618 specimens of length range 51-189 mm TL collected during the period January 2015 to December 2016. The present study contributes to an improved understanding of biology of fish communities and the possible impact of fishing on the long-term sustainability of exploited ecosystems

First record of valid species of torpedo electric ray, Torpedo polleni (Bleeker, 1865) (Torpediniformes: Torpedinidae) from Indian waters

1338-1343A species of torpedo electric ray, Torpedo polleni (Bleeker, 1865) has been reported for the first time from Indian waters. Six specimens of T. polleni measuring 147-397 mm TL were collected from shrimp trawl by-catches at Visakhapatnam, central eastern coast of India. The present paper provides description and comparison of morphometric data of T. polleni with closely resembling species of genus Torpedo thus helping in clearing taxonomic ambiguities. The present study suggests that T. polleni (Bleeker, 1865) with 6‑8 knob-like papillae on the posterior margin of spiracle, the central papilla being larger, distance between eye and spiracle less than eye diameter, nasal curtain short and wide, its length more than half the length of inter narial width, first dorsal fin originating entirely above the pelvic fin base and base ending little beyond the pelvic fin, dorsal surface showing ornate appearance with close set of brownish-black spots, few spots very closely set or joined together forming vermiculations and dark brown lines is a valid species

ADAPTING HYBRID MACHINE TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES FOR CROSS-LANGUAGE TEXT RETRIEVAL SYSTEM

This research work aims in developing Tamil to English Cross - language text retrieval system using hybrid machine translation approach. The hybrid machine translation system is a combination of rule based and statistical based approaches. In an existing word by word translation system there are lot of issues and some of them are ambiguity, Out-of-Vocabulary words, word inflections, and improper sentence structure. To handle these issues, proposed architecture is designed in such a way that, it contains Improved Part-of-Speech tagger, machine learning based morphological analyser, collocation based word sense disambiguation procedure, semantic dictionary, and tense markers with gerund ending rules, and two pass transliteration algorithm. From the experimental results it is clear that the proposed Tamil Query based translation system achieves significantly better translation quality over existing system, and reaches 95.88% of monolingual performance

WORD SENSE DISAMBIGUATION FOR TAMIL LANGUAGE USING PART-OF-SPEECH AND CLUSTERING TECHNIQUE

Word sense disambiguation is an important task in Natural Language Processing (NLP), and this paper concentrates on the problem of target word selection in machine translation. The proposed method called enhanced Word Sense Disambiguation with Part-of-Speech and Clustering based Sensecollocation (WSDPCS) consists of two steps namely (i) Part-of-Speech (POS) tagger in disambiguating word senses and (ii) Enhanced with Clustering and Sense-collocation dictionary based disambiguation. In the first step an ambiguous Tamil words are disambiguated using Tamil and English POS Tagger. If it has same type of POS category labels, then it passes the word to the next step. In the second step ambiguity is resolved using sense-collocation dictionary. The experimental analysis shows that the accuracy of proposed WSDPCS method achieves 1.86% improvement over an existing method

Species diversity and some aspects of reproductive biology and life history of groupers (Pisces: Serranidae: Epinephelinae) off the central eastern coast of India

<div><p></p><p>Due to increased fishing activity, catches of larger species and individuals decrease. Behaviour, reproductive biology and life history data are fundamental to determine vulnerability to fishing. Groupers (Serranidae: Epinephelinae) are valuable targets for fisheries in many parts of the world but are highly susceptible to heavy and unregulated fishing. For many regions, biological information on groupers necessary for management purposes is still scarce. The North Andhra region, central east coast of India, has been the centre for a variety of fishing activities for a long time. Many species of groupers are landed by a variety of gears at fishing harbours and nearby fishing villages of this region. The present paper incorporates data on species diversity and length groups represented in the catches, results of length-weight relationship studies, length at first maturity, and fecundity of grouper species belonging to two genera, <i>Cephalopholis</i> and <i>Epinephelus</i>, that are represented in the commercial catches of this region. The consideration of length at first maturity and fecundity estimations is a very important prerequisite to prevent exploitation and detrimental effects for these fisheries resources.</p></div