A magyar nonprofit szektor területi jellemzőinek alakulása = Regional characteristic features of Hungarian nonprofit sector

- A hazai harmadik szektor mai települési adataiból arra következtethetünk, hogy a szektort igen erős területi differenciáltságjellemzi. Ebben az innovációs rendszerben még mindig jelentősek a változások, erőteljes, sőt szélsőséges a településenkénti differenciálódás. Ennek feltárására irányult vizsgálatunk. - Mivel a nyilvánosság és a területi kutatás számára elérhető, naprakész nyilvántartással a hazai adatszolgáltatás nem rendelkezik, ezért egy jól használható adatbázis létrehozása a program egyik fontos eredménye volt. Ez az adatbázis településenként teszi lehetővé a folyamatelemzést az egész ország területén. Így a nonprofit szektor hazai területi tendenciáiról alkotott korábbi képet árnyaltabbá tehetjük. - A kutatás eredményei sok vonatkozásban magyarázatul is szolgálnak a 2000 óta eltelt több mint fél évtized kedvezőtlen tendenciáinak megértéséhez is. Több jel is arra utal, hogy az 1990-es évek fellendülése egy igen erőteljes külső hatás, a jogszabályi támogatásokkal is megerősített átalakító törekvés eredménye volt. - A nonprofit szektor bővülése, térbeli diffúziója ugyanakkor kényszer: az állami szerepvállalás visszavonulásával együtt járó, intézményi támogatás-kiegészítésre, érdekvédelmi szerepvállalásra támaszkodó civil válasz is volt. Ez a "vákuum-jelleg", az "öntevékenység kudarca" ugyanakkor magyarázatot is adhat a folyamat instabil voltára, a településenkénti mozaikosság tartósságára. | - By the local dissemination of third/nonprofit sector in Hungary we can state that the sector can be characterized by rather a great spatial diffusion. This innovation flow followed by rapid changes as well as extremly differences by settlements can be proved. This survey has set out target on displaying these spatial differences. - Not having an accessible, up-to date data-base on Hungarian nonprofit sector improving of this data base is targeted to be one of the main outcomes of this project. This data base permits of investigation of this innovation flow by settlements all over the country. Due to this improvement we can get a more detailed, global, overall review of this diffusion process than we had earlier. - The findings of this porject help us in understanding some new, disadvantageous trends of latest years in early 2000's. Data prove that the boom of nonprofit organisations by number and the rapid rebirth of the sector was partly due to external, legal-rooted effors. - The rapid increasing of total figures of Hungarian nonprofit sector and the intensive diffusion process is a pretty pressure. It was a societal, civic response as a consequence of state share reduction in public, welfare services. This 'vacuum-like' situation, the 'volutary failure' may give an explanation of the unstable feature of process or the permanent mosaic-like picture of dissemination

Can Triplet Loss Be Used for Multi-Label Few-Shot Classification? A Case Study

Few-shot learning is a deep learning subfield that is the focus of research nowadays. This paper addresses the research question of whether a triplet-trained Siamese network, initially designed for multi-class classification, can effectively handle multi-label classification. We conducted a case study to identify any limitations in its application. The experiments were conducted on a dataset containing Hungarian legal decisions of administrative agencies in tax matters belonging to a major legal content provider. We also tested how different Siamese embeddings compare on classifying a previously non-existing label on a binary and a multi-label setting. We found that triplet-trained Siamese networks can be applied to perform classification but with a sampling restriction during training. We also found that the overlap between labels affects the results negatively. The few-shot model, seeing only ten examples for each label, provided competitive results compared to models trained on tens of thousands of court decisions using tf-idf vectorization and logistic regression

Ethanol increases phosphate-mediated mineralization and osteoblastic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells

Vascular calcification is implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Human vascular smooth muscle cells (HSMCs) undergo mineralization in response to elevated levels of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in an active and well-regulated process. This process involves increased activity of alkaline phosphatase and increased expression of core binding factor α-1 (CBF-α1), a bone-specific transcription factor, with the subsequent induction of osteocalcin. It has been shown that heavy alcohol consumption is associated with greater calcification in coronary arteries. The goal of our study was to examine whether ethanol alters mineralization of HSMCs provoked by high Pi. Exposure of HSMCs to ethanol increased extracellular matrix calcification in a dose responsive manner, providing a significant additional calcium deposition at concentrations of ≥60 mmol/l. HSMC calcification was accompanied by further enhancement in alkaline phosphatase activity. Ethanol also provoked a significant increase in the synthesis of osteocalcin. Moreover, in cells challenged with ethanol the expression of CBF-α1, a transcription factor involved in the regulation of osteoblastic transformation of HSMCs, was elevated. The observed effects of ethanol were not due to alterations of phosphate uptake by HSMCs. We conclude that ethanol enhances Pi-mediated human vascular smooth muscle calcification and transition of these cells into osteoblast-like cells

Post‐restoration grassland management overrides the effects of restoration methods in propagule‐rich landscapes

Grassland restoration is gaining momentum worldwide to tackle the loss of bio-diversity and associated ecosystem services. Restoration methods and their effects on ecologi-cal community reassembly have been extensively studied across various grassland types, whilethe importance of post-restoration management has so far received less attention. Grasslandmanagement is an important surrogate for natural disturbances, with which most ancientgrasslands have coevolved. Thus, without the reintroduction of management-related distur-bance, restoration targets are unlikely to be achieved in restored grasslands. In this study, weaimed to explore how 20 yr of management by mowing once a year or light cattle grazingaffects restoration success in Palearctic meadow-steppe grasslands restored by either sowingnative grasses (sown sites), applyingMedicago sativaas a nurse plant (Medicagosites), orallowing spontaneous succession (spontaneous sites). We found that, following mowing, sownsites maintained long-lasting establishment limitation, whileMedicagosites experienced adelay in succession. These limitations resulted in low total and target species richness, lowfunctional redundancy, and distinct species and functional composition compared to referencedata from ancient grasslands. Spontaneous sites that were mowed reached a more advancedsuccessional stage, although they did not reach reference levels regarding most vegetationdescriptors. Sown andMedicagosites that were grazed had higher total and target species rich-ness than those that were mowed, and showed restoration success similar to that of sponta-neous sites, on which grazing had only moderate further positive effects. Grazed sites,irrespective of the restoration method, were uniformly species rich, functionally diverse, andfunctionally redundant, and thus became important biodiverse habitats with considerable resi-lience. We conclude that an optimally chosen post-restoration management may have animpact on long-term community reassembly comparable to the choice of restoration method.Restoration planners may, therefore, need to put more emphasis on future management thanon the initial restoration method. However, our findings also imply that if local constraints,such as potentially high invasive propagule pressure, necessitate the application of restorationmethods that could also hinder the establishment of target species, the long-term recovery ofthe grassland can still be ensured by wisely chosen post-restoration management