Method for identification of the initial loss of combined sewer catchments

Intense, short periods of rainfall cause the greatest number of operational overflows, leading to the discharge of untreated sewage in combined sewerage systems of large cities. The annual amount of pollution can be estimated based on meteorological, orographic, surface coverage and hydraulic information, by using a detailed hydraulic model of the sewerage system. The most widely used hydrological models require input for the initial loss in order to define the amount of water remaining in the catchment, which decreases the load of the sewer and potentially, the amount of overflow. Earlier measurements of the initial loss were made only in rainwater channels. The results range from 0–6mm in urban territory, which makes the case-by-case identification of this model parameter very important. A methodology is presented in this paper for calculating the amount of initial loss in a combined system catchment without any on-site measurements. The initial loss was identified for a 4500 ha catchment of Budapest. In addition, the dependence of the initial loss on the environmental temperature was analysed

Szabályzott pneumatikus rendszerek dinamikai vizsgálata = Dynamic Investigation on Controlled Pneumatic Systems

A projekt során kialakítottunk AMESim környezetben egy olyan modellezési módszertant és egydimenziós szimulációs eszközt, amelynek révén szabályozott pneumatikus rendszerek, így pl. haszongépjármű-fékrendszerek dinamikai viselkedése vizsgálható, és az egyes fejlesztési módosítások, paraméter-változtatások hatása hatékonyan nyomon követhető. A szelepáramlás részleteinek feltérképezésére, az egydimenziós modell pontosítására FLUENT szimulációt alkalmaztunk. A szimulációs modellek alkalmasságát általunk kiépített kísérleti berendezésen végzett mérésekkel ellenőriztük, és mérések révén állapítottuk meg egyes bizonytalan paraméterek ? pl. szelep-átfolyási számok ? értékeit is. A kísérletileg validált szimulációs modellek segítségével mérnöki irányvonalakat nyertünk arra vonatkozóan, hogyan kell bizonyos rendszerelemek paramétereit ? pl. szeleptest-tömegeket, flexibilis tömítések anyagjellemzőit ? megváltoztatni annak érdekében, hogy a rendszerelem továbbra is ellássa feladatát, de a káros rezonancia-jellemzők elkerülhetőek legyenek. Ezáltal a rendszerelemek élettartama jelentősen feljavítható, a pneumatikus rendszer üzemvitele megbízhatóvá válik, és elkerülhetőek a felhasználó által reklamált rezgések és zajhatások. A projekt eredményeit pneumatikus jármű-fékrendszerek fejlesztésében hasznosítottuk. | During the project, a modelling methodology and a one-dimensional simulation tool has been established in AMESim environment, by means of which the dynamic behaviour of controlled pneumatic systems ? such as the brake systems of commercial vehicles ? can be examined, and the effect of modifications, parameter changes can be effectively studied during the R&D of the related systems. In order to survey the flow details in the pneumatic components and to make the one-dimensional model more accurate, FLUENT flow simulation has been applied. The simulation models have been validated by comparing the simulation results with measurement data obtained in an in-house built experimental facility. Measurements were also carried out for identification of uncertain system parameters, such as flow coefficients of valves. On the basis of the experimentally validated simulation models, engineering guidelines have been established for modification of certain parameters of pneumatic components ? such as valve body mass, material characteristics of flexible seals etc. ? in order to obtain proper system operation while avoiding harmful resonance effects. By this means, the life cycle of the components can be elongated, the system operates reliably, and the vibration as well as noise reclaimed by the user can be eliminated. The results of the project have been utilised in development of pneumatic brake systems of vehicles

Gas Dynamic Pipe Flow Effects in Controlled Pneumatic Systems - A Simulation Study

Electro-pneumatic modulators (EPMs) are widely used in controlled pneumatic systems. Their aim is to ensure a controlled operating pressure modulated at a high accuracy and high temporal resolution. This paper reports a computational case study representing the influence of gas dynamic pipe flow effects on the operation of a pneumatic system to be controlled by means of an EPM. The simulation has been carried out with use of simulation software AMESim version 3.01. Given that no standard gas dynamic pipe model and electro-dynamically-relevant solenoid valve model are included in the present version of the simulation software, such models had to be elaborated by the authors. The simulation studies reveal that the self-developed gas dynamic pipe model resolves properly the wave effects and flow fluctuations expected from a realistic pneumatic pipe performing high velocity flow. The simulation must accurately resolve such phenomena if the computational study aims to provide an aid to the design of a proper pressure control loop. It has been concluded that a gas dynamic pipe model, covering reliably the physically possible entire Mach number range, is essential in simulation of pneumatic systems

Az aspirációs citológia szerepe a daganatdiagnosztikában.

Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of focal lesions is a quick, relatively simple and cost-effective diagnostic method. However, performing aspirations and interpreting smears require skill and experience. Before initiating an aspiration the doctor needs to be aware of the limits of cytology as it is vital to know what kind of diagnostic issues can be answered upon a smear and what kind of questions cannot. Traditionally FNAB was performed without radiologic guidance, and therefore almost only palpable lesions were aspirated. Since ultrasound (US) has become widely used in medicine, it is axiomatical that FNAB is ideally performed with US guidance not only for the protection of the patients but also for targeting the lesion more safely. Several cytologists find US guidance unnecessary as a routinely used examination, which may lead to unsatisfactory smears and false negative results. This means not only a loss for the patient, but leads to a negative judgement of this diagnostic method. Our interventional cytology diagnostic team developed a working method resulting in excellent statistical results. In the followings we would like to share our experience refined the past two decades to restore the reputation of this diagnostic method

Superior Ventriculo-Arterial Coupling with Decellularized Allografts Compared with Conventional Prostheses

Background To date, no experimental or clinical study provides detailed analysis of vascular impedance changes after total aortic arch replacement. This study investigated ventriculoarterial coupling and vascular impedance after replacement of the aortic arch with conventional prostheses vs. decellularized allografts. Methods After preparing decellularized aortic arch allografts, their mechanical, histological and biochemical properties were evaluated and compared to native aortic arches and conventional prostheses in vitro. In open-chest dogs, total aortic arch replacement was performed with conventional prostheses and compared to decellularized allografts (n = 5/group). Aortic flow and pressure were recorded continuously, left ventricular pressure-volume relations were measured by using a pressure- conductance catheter. From the hemodynamic variables end-systolic elastance (Ees), arterial elastance (Ea) and ventriculoarterial coupling were calculated. Characteristic impedance (Z) was assessed by Fourier analysis. Results While Ees did not differ between the groups and over time (4.1±1.19 vs. 4.58±1.39 mmHg/mL and 3.21±0.97 vs. 3.96±1.16 mmHg/mL), Ea showed a higher increase in the prosthesis group (4.01±0.67 vs. 6.18±0.20 mmHg/mL, P<0.05) in comparison to decellularized allografts (5.03±0.35 vs. 5.99±1.09 mmHg/mL). This led to impaired ventriculoarterial coupling in the prosthesis group, while it remained unchanged in the allograft group (62.5±50.9 vs. 3.9±23.4%). Z showed a strong increasing tendency in the prosthesis group and it was markedly higher after replacement when compared to decellularized allografts (44.6±8.3dyn·sec·cm−5 vs. 32.4±2.0dyn·sec·cm−5, P<0.05). Conclusions Total aortic arch replacement leads to contractility-afterload mismatch by means of increased impedance and invert ventriculoarterial coupling ratio after implantation of conventional prostheses. Implantation of decellularized allografts preserves vascular impedance thereby improving ventriculoarterial mechanoenergetics after aortic arch replacement

Szomatikus onkogén mutációk összehasonlító vizsgálata egészséges és tumoros pajzsmirigyszövetmintákban = Comprehensive examination of somatic oncogene mutation in normal and pathologic thyroid tissues

Az elmúlt években több munkacsoportnak sikerült olyan szomatikus mutációkat (BRAF, NRAS, HRAS, KRAS génekben) és génátrendeződéseket (RET/PTC, PAX8/PPAR-gamma) azonosítani, amelyek összefüggést mutatnak a pajzsmirigydaganatok kialakulásával. Jelen vizsgálatban 11 személy 22 (11 kóros és 11 betegségmentes) intraoperatív pajzsmirigy-szövetmintáit elemezték. A RAS géncsalád és a BRAF gének szomatikus egypontos nukleotid polimorfizmusait LigthCycler olvadáspontanalízis-módszerrel, míg a génátrendeződéseket valós idejű polimeráz láncreakció módszerével vizsgálták. A daganatos mintákban 3 BRAF-, 2 NRAS-, 1 HRAS-mutációt, valamint 1 RET/PTC1 átrendeződést találtak. Az eredmények megerősítik a nemzetközi adatokat, miszerint ezek az egypontos nukleotidpolimorfizmusok és génátrendeződések megtalálhatók a daganatos pajzsmirigyszövetekben. Valószínűsíthető, hogy ezen genetikai vizsgálatokkal kiegészült citológiai vizsgálat segítheti a malignus göbök azonosítását, illetve elképzelhető, hogy prognosztikai faktorként előre jelezhetik a későbbi daganatos átalakulást. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 672–677. | It is established that numerous somatic oncogene mutation (BRAF, NRAS, HRAS, KRAS) and gene translocations (RET/PTC, PAX8/PPAR-gamma) are associated with the development of thyroid cancer. In this study 22 intraoperative thyroid tissue samples (11 pathologic and 11 normal) were examined. Somatic single nucleotide polymorphisms were analyzed by LigthCycler melting method, while translocations were identified by real-time polymerase chain reaction technique. In tumorous sample 3 BRAF, 2 NRAS and one HRAS mutations were found, as well as one RET/PTC1 translocation. Results confirm international data showing that these oncogene mutations and translocations are linked to thyroid cancer. Cytological examination completed with genetic data may support the diagnosis of thyroid malignancies. In addition, genetic alterations may indicate malignant transformation and may become prognostic factors in future. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 672–677

Total Aortic Arch Replacement: Superior Ventriculo-Arterial Coupling with Decellularized Allografts Compared with Conventional Prostheses.

BACKGROUND: To date, no experimental or clinical study provides detailed analysis of vascular impedance changes after total aortic arch replacement. This study investigated ventriculoarterial coupling and vascular impedance after replacement of the aortic arch with conventional prostheses vs. decellularized allografts. METHODS: After preparing decellularized aortic arch allografts, their mechanical, histological and biochemical properties were evaluated and compared to native aortic arches and conventional prostheses in vitro. In open-chest dogs, total aortic arch replacement was performed with conventional prostheses and compared to decellularized allografts (n = 5/group). Aortic flow and pressure were recorded continuously, left ventricular pressure-volume relations were measured by using a pressure-conductance catheter. From the hemodynamic variables end-systolic elastance (Ees), arterial elastance (Ea) and ventriculoarterial coupling were calculated. Characteristic impedance (Z) was assessed by Fourier analysis. RESULTS: While Ees did not differ between the groups and over time (4.1+/-1.19 vs. 4.58+/-1.39 mmHg/mL and 3.21+/-0.97 vs. 3.96+/-1.16 mmHg/mL), Ea showed a higher increase in the prosthesis group (4.01+/-0.67 vs. 6.18+/-0.20 mmHg/mL, P<0.05) in comparison to decellularized allografts (5.03+/-0.35 vs. 5.99+/-1.09 mmHg/mL). This led to impaired ventriculoarterial coupling in the prosthesis group, while it remained unchanged in the allograft group (62.5+/-50.9 vs. 3.9+/-23.4%). Z showed a strong increasing tendency in the prosthesis group and it was markedly higher after replacement when compared to decellularized allografts (44.6+/-8.3dyn.sec.cm-5 vs. 32.4+/-2.0dyn.sec.cm-5, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Total aortic arch replacement leads to contractility-afterload mismatch by means of increased impedance and invert ventriculoarterial coupling ratio after implantation of conventional prostheses. Implantation of decellularized allografts preserves vascular impedance thereby improving ventriculoarterial mechanoenergetics after aortic arch replacement