QUARTER OF A CENTURY ON FROM THE SOVIET ERA: REFLECTIONS ON RUSSIAN DOCTRINAL RESPONSES TO THE ANNEXATION OF CRIMEA

The article is intended to give a reader a broader view of the post-Crimean academic discussion within Russia. The justifications offered by Russia for its actions in Crimea in 2014 were met with scepticism by the international community and international lawyers across various jurisdictions. Among Russian international legal scholars there were almost no critical voices willing to assess Crimea’s annexation as at least questionable under international law. Rather, these scholars, in their overwhelming majority, spoke or wrote on the matter in feverish defence of Russia’s actions. Some international scholars who study “Russian” approaches to international law or come across them aspart of their research seem prepared to justify the striking unity of perspective among Russian academic international lawyers by reference to the historically authoritarian nature of the Russian state. This article counters arguments of such would-be deference, suggesting that Russian academia be looked at by reference to the emerging standard of international legal profession

The Case of Crimea in the Light of International Law: Its Nature and Implications

In March 2015, the Polish Academy of Science, the Institute of Law Studies, and the Centre for Polish-Russian Dialogue held a conference entitled The Case of Crimea in the Light of International Law: Its Nature and Implications. The conference took place against the backdrop of the first anniversary of Crimea’s ‘annexation’ / ‘reunification’2 by Russia, providing an opportunity for international legal scholars to discuss the legality of these events.Over two days, the conference saw around 35 presented papers on issues following five general themes: self-determination and secession; use of force, aggression and armed attack; the international community’s response to the situation in Crimea; non-recognition of unlawful situations; and international state and individual responsibility in the case of Crimea.The invited academics and practitioners who spoke at the conference came from Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Poland, Russia, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, UK and USA.This review will explore selected presentations on the key issues of selfdetermination, secession, use of force and State responsibility

Quantifying the system balancing cost when wind energy is incorporated into electricity generation system

Incorporation of wind energy into the electricity generation system requires a detailed analysis of wind speed in order to minimize system balancing cost and avoid a significant mismatch between supply and demand. Power generation and consumption in the electricity networks have to be balanced every minute, therefore it is necessary to study wind speed on a one-minute time scale. In this thesis, we examine the statistical characteristics of one-minute average values of wind speed. One-minute wind speed is available from a single site in Great Britain while there are records of ten-minute wind speed available. We apply a modified Gibbs sampling algorithm to generate one-minute wind speed required for optimization modelling from the available ten-minute wind speed. System balancing costs are estimated through optimization modelling of the short-term electricity generation with wind energy contributing to the total supply. Two main drivers of additional system cost caused by wind energy are variability and unpredictability of one-minute wind speed. Further, a linear mathematical optimization model for a problem of short-term electricity generation is presented to calculate an additional balancing cost that appears as a result of wind energy variability. It is then shown that this additional balancing cost can be estimated using the statistical characteristics of wind energy present in the system. The unpredictable characteristic of wind speed is analysed with the techniques of stochastic programming. Uncertainty of the expected wind speed is represented through scenario trees and stochastic linear optimization models are used to calculate the extra cost due to uncertainty. Alternative optimization models are compared by calculating the additional balancing cost and the extent of imbalance between power generation and consumption in the system

Сore Jonsson theories

The article concerns the description the new concept as core of Jonsson theories, also their combinations, which admit a core model in the class of existentially closed models of this theory. Along with core the property of an existentially algebraically prime theory is considered as an additional property to core Jonsson theory. This article also discusses some combinations of Johnson’s theories, where the authors tried to transfer some results from [1] to Johnson’s theories that satisfy the definition of core or EAP, or their combinations. From the definition of the core and the existentially algebraic primeness of Johnson theory, it can be noted that the core model from [1] in the framework of the study of any Johnson theory will be a unique and rigidly embedded model of the theory were considered. And thus, such a solution to the problem with respect to core models is considered for the first time

Closure of special atomic subsets of semantic model

The present paper concerns some properties of the so-called small models, generally speaking, not necessarily complete theories and their relationship with each other. In the well-known paper [1], R. Vaught have proved the fundamental theorem-criterion on the behavior of countable prime and atomic models for complete theories in countable language. The essence of this criterionis that in a complete theory any countable prime model is at the same time an atomic model of this theory. The result obtained in this paper is related to the classical problem of Vaught about countably prime models of complete theories but in more general formulation of the notion of countable atomicity. The main result of this paper is that it focuses on the syntactic properties on special subsets of a fragment of the semantic model the specific Jonsson theory. The concept of the so-called model-theoretic «rheostat» was also used to obtain results related to the refinement of the concept of atomicity in the framework of Jonsson theories

The atomic definable subsets of semantic model

In this paper some properties of small models, generally speaking, not necessarily complete theories and their relationship with each other were considered. Under small models we will understand some modifications of the concepts of countable atomic and prime models. These models were defined in the study of countable models of complete theories. Studies were conducted by analogy with the classic result of R. Vaught on countable - prime models of complete theories, but by other technical means. This work is oriented on the syntactic properties of special subsets of the semantic model of some Jonsson theory. A new concept was also introduced, as a model - theoretic «rheostat», in order to obtain results related to the refinement of concept of atomicity within the framework of Jonsson theories. Thus, the main purpose of this article is to formally define this «rheostat» and to obtain on the basis of this concept the results having a relation to the refinement of the concept of atomicity in the frame of Jonsson theories

Protein Dynamics in Individual Human Cells: Experiment and Theory

A current challenge in biology is to understand the dynamics of protein circuits in living human cells. Can one define and test equations for the dynamics and variability of a protein over time? Here, we address this experimentally and theoretically, by means of accurate time-resolved measurements of endogenously tagged proteins in individual human cells. As a model system, we choose three stable proteins displaying cell-cycle–dependant dynamics. We find that protein accumulation with time per cell is quadratic for proteins with long mRNA life times and approximately linear for a protein with short mRNA lifetime. Both behaviors correspond to a classical model of transcription and translation. A stochastic model, in which genes slowly switch between ON and OFF states, captures measured cell–cell variability. The data suggests, in accordance with the model, that switching to the gene ON state is exponentially distributed and that the cell–cell distribution of protein levels can be approximated by a Gamma distribution throughout the cell cycle. These results suggest that relatively simple models may describe protein dynamics in individual human cells

Protein Dynamics in Individual Human Cells: Experiment and Theory

A current challenge in biology is to understand the dynamics of protein circuits in living human cells. Can one define and test equations for the dynamics and variability of a protein over time? Here, we address this experimentally and theoretically, by means of accurate time-resolved measurements of endogenously tagged proteins in individual human cells. As a model system, we choose three stable proteins displaying cell-cycle–dependant dynamics. We find that protein accumulation with time per cell is quadratic for proteins with long mRNA life times and approximately linear for a protein with short mRNA lifetime. Both behaviors correspond to a classical model of transcription and translation. A stochastic model, in which genes slowly switch between ON and OFF states, captures measured cell–cell variability. The data suggests, in accordance with the model, that switching to the gene ON state is exponentially distributed and that the cell–cell distribution of protein levels can be approximated by a Gamma distribution throughout the cell cycle. These results suggest that relatively simple models may describe protein dynamics in individual human cells