Caractérisation de la Dynamique des Peuplements Ligneux du Centre Nationale de Recherches Agronomiques de Bambey (Diourbel/Sénégal)

Le Sénégal, à l’instar des autres pays sahéliens, est confronté à la dégradation de ses espaces forestiers due à un ensemble de facteurs tels que : les défrichements agricoles, les feux tardifs, l’exploitation anarchique, etc. Ce phénomène est plus accentué dans la région de Diourbel où l’un des très rares poumons verts se trouve dans le site du Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques de Bambey (CNRA). Cette étude avait comme objectifs de caractériser et d’estimer le potentiel des ligneux dans cette formation forestière dans le but de donner formuler des recommandations. Un inventaire systématique sur 103 placettes de 50 X 50 m a été réalisé en 2018. Les paramètres recherchés ont été : la richesse spécifique, la densité du peuplement, la surface terrière, le volume de bois, le couvert aérien, la régénération, la structure horizontale et verticale, les observations sur l’émondage, le vieillissement, etc. Ainsi, 28 espèces appartenants à 13 familles ont été recensées. Les familles des Mimosaceae (28,57%) et des Combretaceae (17,86%) dominent la végétation. Pour les individus adultes, la densité est de 98 individus/ha, dominée par Acacia seyal, tandis que la régénération s’élève à 581 plantules/ha, dominée par Combretum aculeatum. La surface terrière du peuplement est estimée à 2,12 m2/ha, le couvert aérien (3223,08 m2/ha) et le volume (13,83 m3/ha). La distribution du peuplement par classe de diamètre et de hauteur révèle la prédominance de la strate arbustive. Les observations ont montré la présence de pratiques anthropiques qui pourraient contribuer à la régression de la dynamique du peuplement par la diminution du couvert végétal et la disparition de certaines espèces (Deterium microcarpum, Pterocarpus erinaceus et Sterculia setigera) constatée dans cette formation.  Ces résultats montrent l’urgence de mettre en place une stratégie de gestion en étroite collaboration avec les communautés pour la conservation et la restauration du couvert végétale de cette formation boisée de 149 ha.   Senegal, like other Sahelian countries, is faced with the degradation of its forest areas due to a combination of factors such as agricultural clearing, late fires, uncontrolled logging, etc. This phenomenon is more pronounced in the Diourbel region, where one of the very few green lungs is located on the site of the Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques Bambey (CNRA). This phenomenon is more pronounced in the Diourbel region, where one of the very few green lungs can be found on the site of the “Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques de Bambey” (CNRA). The objectives of this study were to characterize and estimate the potential of woody species in this forest formation, to formulate recommendations. A systematic inventory of 103 50 x 50 m plots was carried out in 2018. The parameters investigated were: species richness, stand density, basal area, wood volume, aerial cover, regeneration, horizontal and vertical structure, observations on pruning, aging, etc. A total of 28 species belonging to 13 families were inventoried. Among these families, Mimosaceae (28,57%) and Combretaceae (17,86%) dominate the vegetation. The density of adult trees is 98 individuals/ha, dominated by Acacia seyal, while regeneration amounts to 581 seedlings/ha, dominated by Combretum aculeatum. The basal area of the stand is estimated at 2.12 m2/ha, the aerial cover (3223.08 m2/ha), and the volume (13.83 m3/ha). The distribution of the stand-by diameter and height class reveals the predominance of the shrub layer. Observations revealed the presence of human practices that could be contributing to the decline in stand dynamics through the reduction in plant cover and the disappearance of certain species (Deterium microcarpum, Pterocarpus erinaceus, and Sterculia setigera) observed in this formation. These results show the urgent need to implement a management strategy in close collaboration with the communities to conserve and restore the plant cover of this 149 ha woodland formation

Caractérisation et Evolution du Peuplement Ligneux du Bois de Boulogne du Centre Nationale de Recherches Agronomiques (CNRA) de Bambey (Diourbel/Sénégal)

Le Sénégal à l’instar des autres pays sahéliens, est confronté à la dégradation de ses espaces forestiers dû à un ensemble de facteurs tels que : les défrichements agricoles, les feux tardifs, l’exploitation anarchique, etc. Des travaux d’inventaires ont été réalisés dans la formation boisée (Bois de Boulogne) du Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques de Bambey. L’étude vise à évaluer le potentiel ligneux du Bois soumis à forte pression anthropique dans le but de donner des recommandations. Un inventaire systématique sur 103 placettes de 50 X 50 m est réalisé en 2018. Les paramètres recherchés sont : la richesse spécifique, la densité, la surface terrière, le volume, le couvert aérien, la régénération, la structure horizontale et verticale, les observations sur l’émondage, le vieillissement, etc. Ainsi, 28 espèces de 13 familles ont été recensées. Mimosaceae et Combretaceae domine la végétation. Pour les individus adultes, la densité est de 98 individus/ha, dominée par Acacia seyal, tandis que la régénération s’élève à 581 plantules/ha, dominée par Combretum aculeatum. La surface terrière du peuplement est estimée à 2,12 m2/ha, le couvert aérien (3223,08 m2/ha) et le volume (13,83 m3/ha). La distribution du peuplement par classe de diamètre et de hauteur révèle la prédominance de la strate arbustive. Les observations ont montré la présence de pratiques anthropiques. Cette étude a permis de recenser la flore du Bois, d’évaluer le potentiel ligneux et de remarquer l’anthropisation, d’où la nécessité de mettre en place une stratégie de gestion pour la conservation et la restauration du couvert végétale.   Senegal, like other Sahelian countries, is faced forest degradation due to a combination of factors such as: agricultural clearings, late fires, uncontrolled logging, etc. Inventory work has been carried out in the woodland formation (Bois de Boulogne) of the Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques de Bambey. The aim of the study was to assess the woody potential of the Bois, which is under heavy human pressure, with a view to making recommendations. A systematic inventory on 103 plots of 50 X 50 m is carried out in 2018. The parameters sought are: species richness, density, basal area, volume, aerial cover, regeneration, horizontal and vertical structure, observations on pruning, ageing, etc. A total of 28 species from 13 families were recorded. Mimosaceae and Combretaceae dominate the vegetation. Adult density is 98 individuals/ha, dominated by Acacia seyal, while regeneration is 581 seedlings/ha, dominated by Combretum aculeatum. Stand basal area is estimated at 2.12 m2/ha, aerial cover (3223.08 m2/ha) and volume (13.83 m3/ha). Stand distribution by diameter and height class reveals the predominance of the shrub layer. Observations revealed the presence of anthropogenic practices. This study enabled us to survey the flora of the wood, assess its woody potential and note its anthropization, hence the need to implement a management strategy for the conservation and restoration of the plant cover

Evaluation De La Denutrition Chez Les Enfants Ages De 2 A 60 Mois Hospitalises Aux Services De Pediatrie Des Hopitaux De Ziguinchor (Senegal)

Introduction: Malnutrition is a public health problem in developing countries. The prevalence of malnutrition at the national level hardly reflects the reality in hospitals. It is in this context that we assessed the nutritional status of children from 2 months to 5 years hospitalized in the pediatric ward of the regional hospital and the Ziguinchor Peace Hospital. Materials and methods: This was a prospective study from June 1 to October 30, 2016. Children aged 2 to 60 months, hospitalized in one of the two services, were included. Children with esdato-ascetic syndrome were not included. Epidemiological, anthropometric data, and associated diagnosis were studied. Results: We included 114 children (70 boys and 44 girls). The average age was 21.9 months [4-59]. Forty-two point one percent (42.1%) of infants <6 months were breastfed exclusively with breast milk. The weaning of children was done early in 55.3%. The mean age of mothers was 26.6 years [17-38]. The socioeconomic level was low in 62.3% of cases. The prevalence of malnutrition averaged 35.5% for underweight; 32.9% for wasting and 32.0% for stunting. Acute respiratory infections (ARI) and acute gastroenteritis were the most common associated conditions. Mean hospital stay was 8 days ± 009 [3-28]. About two thirds of the patients (n = 72) had a hospital stay of more than 7 days. Malnutrition was significantly associated with multiparity, low socioeconomic status, hospital stay of more than 7 days and infectious diseases. Conclusion: Infections and a hospital stay longer than a week are factors favoring malnutrition in children from 2 months to 5 years

Tumeurs sub-mandibulaires: profils épidémiologiques et histologiques

Introduction: Il s'agit de déterminer les profils épidémiologiques et histologiques des tumeurs submandibulaires.Méthodes: Il s'agissait d'une étude rétrospective et descriptive de 10 ans (1er janvier 2000 au 31  décembre 2009), réalisée dans le service universitaire d'ORL de l'hôpital de Fann. Etaient inclus dans cette étude tous patients porteurs d'une tumeur submandibulaire (opéré ou non), confirmée par un  document histologique. Résultats: Vingt-une tumeurs submandibulaires ont été colligées. L'âge moyen des patients était de 34,42 ans (± 14,10), avec des extrêmes de 2 et 55 ans. Quinze patients (71,4%) étaient de sexe féminin, soit un sex-ratio de 0,4. Les résultats histologiques étaient obtenus à partir de 4 biopsies et de 17 pièces opératoires. Dans 13 cas (61,9%) la tumeur était bénigne et dans 8 cas (38,1%) la tumeur était maligne. L'adénome pléomorphe dans 12 cas (57,1%), le carcinome épidermoïde dans 4 cas (19%) et l'adénocarcinome dans 2 cas (9,5%) étaient les types histologiques fréquents. Treize (13) patients étaient porteurs d'une tumeur bénigne, dont huit (8) patients étaient de sexe féminin. Huit (8) patients étaient porteurs d'une tumeur maligne. Sept patients étaient de sexe féminin. Conclusion: Cette étude sur les tumeurs submandibulaires est marquée par une prédominance féminine et une fréquence élevée des adénomes pléomorphes et des carcinomes  épidermoïdes.Key words: Glande submandibulaire, tumeur, epidémiologie, histologie

Study of variations in the broncho-arterial pedicles of the upper right lung lobe

Bronchial distribution and functional arterial vascularization of the upper lobe of the right lung are subject to many anatomical variations. The control of  these variations is essential for endoscopic and agiographic examinations. It also offers a better guarantee for safe and controlled surgery. In this  preliminary work, the exploitation of 15 heart-lung blocks treated by the injection corrosion method allowed us to study the general arrangement of the  broncho-arteries of the right upper lung lobe and their anatomical variations in the Senegalese population. Our results were as follows: the right upper  lobar bronchus was born on average at 1.25 cm from the tracheal bifurcation, with an average length of 1.13 cm. It ended with trifurcation into apical  (B1), dorsal (B2) and ventral (B3) segmental bronchi in 10 cases (66.66%); in 3 cases (20%), it ended with bifurcation into the dorsal segmental bronchus  and the apico-ventral trunk (B1+B3) (1 case), the apico-dorsal trunk (B1+B2) and the ventral segmental bronchus (B3), finally, in ventral and dorsal  segmentary bronchi giving each one an apical branch (1 case); in a last case, it ended by quadrifurcation, giving an external parabronche. The right upper  lobe was vascularized by 1 to 4 arteries, with eight modes of vascularization. It received more frequently two arteries. The anterior mediastinal  artery was the most common (100%). These results allowed us to discuss anatomical variations in the bronchial tree of the right upper lung lobe and the  pulmonary arterial distribution in that lobe. These variations must be taken into account during endoscopic examinations of imaging and surgery of  pulmonary excision, under penalty of accidents.&nbsp

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Faisabilité et pertinence de la check-list de sécurité au bloc opératoire central du Centre Hospitalier Régional de Saint Louis du Sénégal

Introduction: La check-list (CL) de sécurité au bloc opératoire est un outil de qualité qui permet de réduire la morbimortalité péri opératoire. C’est une des exigences de la Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS) française dans la procédure de certification des établissements de santé. L’objectif de ce travail est de réaliser une évaluation quantitative et qualitative de l’utilisation de cet outil au sein du bloc opératoire central du centre hospitalier Régional de Saint Louis. Méthodes: Une évaluation prospective des indicateurs de l’utilisation pratique de la check-list et de son apport dans l’amélioration des pratiques chirurgicales au bloc opératoire du centre hospitalier régional de Saint-Louis a été entamée depuis son lancement en mars 2016. Résultats: Le taux d’utilisation de la CL était de 75%, le taux de conformité était de 60%; le taux de renseignements était de 99% pour les items pré-induction, 93% pour les items pré-incision et 88% pour les items postopératoires. Seules 73% des CL analysées avaient été remplies avec une communication orale effective aux trois temps. La CL a permis de détecter des dysfonctionnements matériels et/ou des événements indésirables dans 15% des cas. Aucune erreur d’identification de patient ni de coté opéré ne furent objectivées dans notre étude. Conclusion: La CL participe au développement de la culture de sécurité dans les blocs opératoires, et a débouché sur la mise en place d’une cartographie des risques au bloc opératoire. Certes importante, elle ne doit néanmoins pas être présentée comme l’outil magique pour éviter les erreurs, mais s’intègre dans l’amélioration de la qualité des soins avec d’autres programmes comme le signalement d’évènements indésirables et les revues de morbi-mortalités

Crystal structure of N,N′-[(ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(azanediylcarbonothioyl)]bis(benzamide)

The reaction of benzoyl chloride and ethylendiamine in the presence of potassium thiocyanate yielded a white solid, C18H18N4O2S2, which consists of two benzoylthioureido moieties connected by an ethylene chain. The asymmetric unit consists of one half of the molecule, the complete molecule being generated by crystallographic inversion symmetry. Both thiourea moieties are in a trans conformation. An intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond occurs. In the crystal, C—H...S and C—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules, forming layers parallel to the ac plane

Epidemiological and Diagnostic Aspects of Bladder Bilharziomas in the Urology Department of Idrissa Pouye General Hospital (HOGIP)

Objective. The aim of our study is to assess the diagnostic aspects of bladder bilharzioma in the Urology Department of Idrissa Pouye General Hospital (Senegal). Materials and Methods. It is a descriptive study from January 2013 to December 2018. The patients included in the study were those who had anatomopathological examination of bladder biopsy that showed a schistosomiasis pseudotumor of the bladder. The variables studied were sociodemographic, clinical symptoms, imaging findings, histology, and treatment. The data have been saved and analyzed by the 2013 Excel software. Results. Thirteen patients were included in our study. The average age was 27 ± 12.1 years. Sex ratio was 1.6. The majority of the patients were from the northern part of Senegal. Hematuria was the main symptom for all the patients. Cystoscopy was performed for all the patients and showed 5 granulomas and 8 fibrocalcic polyps. A transurethral resection of the bladder was performed, and treatment with praziquantel (40 mg/kg of bodyweight) has been carried out. One patient presented precancerous lesions such as metaplasia and dysplasia of the bladder mucosa. After a median follow-up of 40 months (6–57 months), ten patients had a favorable clinical and endoscopic outcome. Conclusion. Granulomas and fibrocalcic polyps of the bladder mucosa are, respectively, confused with squamous cell carcinoma and bladder lithiasis in endemic areas of schistosomiasis. Good cystoscopy interpretation can provide the diagnosis of bladder bilharzioma and start the treatment

Syntheses and crystal structure of 4-[(pyridin-3-yl)diazen­yl]morpholine and 1-[(pyridin-3-yl)diazen­yl]-1,2,3,4-tetra­hydro­quinoline

Two new heterocyclic 1,2,3-triazenes were synthesized by diazo­tation of 3-amino­pyridine following respectively by coupling with morpholine or 1,2,3,4-tetra­hydro­quinoline. 4-[(Pyridin-3-yl)diazen­yl]morpholine (I), C9H12N4O, has monoclinic P21/c symmetry at 100 K, while 1-[(pyridin-3-yl)diazen­yl]-1,2,3,4-tetra­hydro­quinoline (II), C14H14N4, has monoclinic P21/n symmetry at 100 K. These 1,2,3-triazene derivatives were synthesized by the organic medium method by coupling reactions of 3-amino­pyridine with morpholine and 1,2,3,4-tetra­hydro­quinoline, respectively, and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, mass spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The mol­ecule of compound I consists of pyridine and morpholine rings connected by an azo moiety (–N=N–). In the mol­ecule of II, the pyridine ring and the 1,2,3,4-tetra­hydro­quinoline unit are also connected by an azo moiety. The double- and single-bond distances in the triazene chain are comparable for the two compounds. In both crystal structures, the mol­ecules are connected by C—H⋯N inter­actions, forming infinite chains for I and layers parallel to the bc plane for II