A new empirical kinetic method for the determination of ion-exchange constants for the counterions of cationic micelles: The rate of piperidinolysis and hydrolysis of anionic phenyl salicylate as the kinetic probes

Pseudo-first-order rate constants (k(obs)) for the nucleophilic reaction of piperidine (Pip) with anionic phenyl salicylate (S(-)) in aqueous solution, obtained at constant content (=2%, v/v) of CH(3)CN, [Pip]T (=0.1 M), [S(-)](T) (=2 x 10(-4) M), [CTABr](T) (total concentration of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide), NaOH (<= 0.10 M) and varying concentration of inert salts, MX (=2-NaOC(6)H(4)CO(2)Na and 3-NaOC(6)H(4)CO(2)Na), follow the relationship: kobs,(ko oKx/simxivo + Kx/s, IMX]). derived from an empirical equation coupled with the pseudophase model of micelle. The empirical constants P and Kxis provide the respective parameters Fxis and Kx/s. The magnitude of Fxis gives the measure of the fraction of cationic micellized S- transferred to the aqueous phase by the limiting concentration of co-ions X- through the ion-exchange process X-/S-. In other words, the value of Fxis shows the cationic micellar penetration of ions X- relative to co-ions S. The values of Fxis and K(X/S) have been used to determine usual thermodynamic ion-exchange constant (K(X)(Y)). The values of K(X)(Y) (Y= Br) have been calculated for X = 2--OC(6)H(4)CO(2)(-) (2-0Bz(2-)) and 3-(-)OC(6)H(4)CO(2)(-) (3-OBz(2-)). The mean values of Kt are 44 +/- 7 and 4.9 0.7 for X- =2-0Bz2- and 3-0Bz2-, respectively. The value of K1 for 2-0Bz2- is nearly 9- and 16-fold larger than those for respective 3-0Bz2- and 4-006H4CO2- (4-OBz(2-)). These results are attributed to the presence and absence of viscoelasticity in CTABr aqueous solution with 2-0Bz2- and 3-0Bz2- as well as 4-0Bz2-, respectively. The mean values of Exis are 0.98 0.10. 0.24 0.07 and 0.14 0.02 for X- = 2-013z2-, 3-0Bz2- and 4-0Bz2-, respectively. The change in kinetic probe from piperidinolysis to hydrolysis of S- gives nearly same value, within the limits of experimental uncertainties, of IT for 2-0Bz2-. The mean value of Fxis x ((xis for 2-0Bz2- is decreased by 40-fold in the presence than in the absence of 0.05 M C16E20. 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Real time cloth simulation using particle system and bounding volume hierarchy

Real-time clothing simulation is constantly being researched in and built to represent a virtual cloth that is similar as it would in life. Current issue in clothing simulation would be in the way to represent the cloth properties in the virtual environment in real time situation. The problem issue also increases when the cloth is required to perform inter-collision with other object that is static or even moving. This paper proposed particle system model and using self-created Axis-Aligned Bounding Box (AABB) group under Bounding Volume Hierarchy (BVH) to help in collision computation and also reducing the time needed to compute collision resolution. The result of experiment shows real time behavior of cloth able to produce a realistic motion with acceptable frame per second. The result shows that the technique is capable of running in real-time having an average frame per second that is higher than the border line of 25 fps. The current technique still can be improved especially to find the best collision detection time on cloth node checking time properly. © 2020 SSRG International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology. All rights reserved

Overview of the current status of familial hypercholesterolaemia care in over 60 countries - The EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC)

Background and aims: Management of familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) may vary across different settings due to factors related to population characteristics, practice, resources and/or policies. We conducted a survey among the worldwide network of EAS FHSC Lead Investigators to provide an overview of FH status in different countries. Methods: Lead Investigators from countries formally involved in the EAS FHSC by mid-May 2018 were invited to provide a brief report on FH status in their countries, including available information, programmes, initiatives, and management. Results: 63 countries provided reports. Data on FH prevalence are lacking in most countries. Where available, data tend to align with recent estimates, suggesting a higher frequency than that traditionally considered. Low rates of FH detection are reported across all regions. National registries and education programmes to improve FH awareness/knowledge are a recognised priority, but funding is often lacking. In most countries, diagnosis primarily relies on the Dutch Lipid Clinics Network criteria. Although available in many countries, genetic testing is not widely implemented (frequent cost issues). There are only a few national official government programmes for FH. Under-treatment is an issue. FH therapy is not universally reimbursed. PCSK9-inhibitors are available in ∼2/3 countries. Lipoprotein-apheresis is offered in ∼60% countries, although access is limited. Conclusions: FH is a recognised public health concern. Management varies widely across countries, with overall suboptimal identification and under-treatment. Efforts and initiatives to improve FH knowledge and management are underway, including development of national registries, but support, particularly from health authorities, and better funding are greatly needed. © 2018 Elsevier B.V

Overview of the current status of familial hypercholesterolaemia care in over 60 countries - The EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC)

Background and aims: Management of familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) may vary across different settings due to factors related to population characteristics, practice, resources and/or policies. We conducted a survey among the worldwide network of EAS FHSC Lead Investigators to provide an overview of FH status in different countries. Methods: Lead Investigators from countries formally involved in the EAS FHSC by mid-May 2018 were invited to provide a brief report on FH status in their countries, including available information, programmes, initiatives, and management. Results: 63 countries provided reports. Data on FH prevalence are lacking in most countries. Where available, data tend to align with recent estimates, suggesting a higher frequency than that traditionally considered. Low rates of FH detection are reported across all regions. National registries and education programmes to improve FH awareness/knowledge are a recognised priority, but funding is often lacking. In most countries, diagnosis primarily relies on the Dutch Lipid Clinics Network criteria. Although available in many countries, genetic testing is not widely implemented (frequent cost issues). There are only a few national official government programmes for FH. Under-treatment is an issue. FH therapy is not universally reimbursed. PCSK9-inhibitors are available in ∼2/3 countries. Lipoprotein-apheresis is offered in ∼60 countries, although access is limited. Conclusions: FH is a recognised public health concern. Management varies widely across countries, with overall suboptimal identification and under-treatment. Efforts and initiatives to improve FH knowledge and management are underway, including development of national registries, but support, particularly from health authorities, and better funding are greatly needed. © 2018 Elsevier B.V

Global perspective of familial hypercholesterolaemia: a cross-sectional study from the EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC)

Background The European Atherosclerosis Society Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) global registry provides a platform for the global surveillance of familial hypercholesterolaemia through harmonisation and pooling of multinational data. In this study, we aimed to characterise the adult population with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia and described how it is detected and managed globally. Methods Using FHSC global registry data, we did a cross-sectional assessment of adults (aged 18 years or older) with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of probable or definite heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia at the time they were entered into the registries. Data were assessed overall and by WHO regions, sex, and index versus non-index cases. Findings Of the 61 612 individuals in the registry, 42 167 adults (21 999 [53·6%] women) from 56 countries were included in the study. Of these, 31 798 (75·4%) were diagnosed with the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network criteria, and 35 490 (84·2%) were from the WHO region of Europe. Median age of participants at entry in the registry was 46·2 years (IQR 34·3–58·0); median age at diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia was 44·4 years (32·5–56·5), with 40·2% of participants younger than 40 years when diagnosed. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors increased progressively with age and varied by WHO region. Prevalence of coronary disease was 17·4% (2·1% for stroke and 5·2% for peripheral artery disease), increasing with concentrations of untreated LDL cholesterol, and was about two times lower in women than in men. Among patients receiving lipid-lowering medications, 16 803 (81·1%) were receiving statins and 3691 (21·2%) were on combination therapy, with greater use of more potent lipid-lowering medication in men than in women. Median LDL cholesterol was 5·43 mmol/L (IQR 4·32–6·72) among patients not taking lipid-lowering medications and 4·23 mmol/L (3·20–5·66) among those taking them. Among patients taking lipid-lowering medications, 2·7% had LDL cholesterol lower than 1·8 mmol/L; the use of combination therapy, particularly with three drugs and with proprotein convertase subtilisin–kexin type 9 inhibitors, was associated with a higher proportion and greater odds of having LDL cholesterol lower than 1·8 mmol/L. Compared with index cases, patients who were non-index cases were younger, with lower LDL cholesterol and lower prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular diseases (all p<0·001). Interpretation Familial hypercholesterolaemia is diagnosed late. Guideline-recommended LDL cholesterol concentrations are infrequently achieved with single-drug therapy. Cardiovascular risk factors and presence of coronary disease were lower among non-index cases, who were diagnosed earlier. Earlier detection and greater use of combination therapies are required to reduce the global burden of familial hypercholesterolaemia. Funding Pfizer, Amgen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Sanofi–Aventis, Daiichi Sankyo, and Regeneron