Water supply reservoir operation in the framework of climate variability and change

The optimal planning and operation of a reservoir system is getting more crucial particularly in view of the recent awareness of potential climate change. In particular, the incorporation of hydrologic uncertainties due to climate change into reservoir operation system requires comprehensive and long-term hydrological database which rarely available in most of the conventional reservoir design. The prime objective of the study is to formulate a multiple approach on the long-term reservoir operation optimization under the scarcity of observed hydrological data and with the influence of climate change. A combined research method using IHACRES for hydrological simulation, HadCM3 for emission scenario and Statistical Downscaling Model were developed along with a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) for reservoir operation optimization. These approaches were applied to a single purpose Sg Layang Resevoir, that is one of the most prominent water supply reservoir located in Johor State, Malaysia. The climatic variables obtained from general circulation model (GCM) were downscaled corresponding to HadCM3 emission scenario and used in climate change impact analysis. The SDSM was used to produce 100 synthetic climate time-series for 90 years of the participating station, representing the climate change projection and baseline period. With respect to the baseline data, an apparent increase in temperature (1.2 degree Celsius between time periods) and rainfall was observed. The deterministic optimization exercise is performed repetitively for a number of case scenarios based on weekly reservoir’s inflows derived from the projected climate change in a way to determine the optimal operation rule and policy which are based on total pumping volume and pumping cost. Corresponded to the future inflows, the pumping volume has shown an increase trend particularly during southwest monsoon, transition between seasons and autumn. Judged from the decreasing rate of the streamflows, a 34 to 40% increase in the projected monthly pumping volume is anticipated. An opposite scenario is observed during northeast monsoon season which shows a decreasing trend of 28% to 46%. At various degree of statistical reliability, the optimal operational pumping curves of the reservoir were established. These curves provide some basic information on the monthly pumping requirement from various sources of inflow to sustain the reservoir storage and demand. These operation curves are of very useful guidelines for reservoir operators in making decision to follow an optimal pumping operations schedule onsite. Such research findings were expected to generate a general awareness to the public water authorities on the potential long term effect of climate change to the reliability of reservoir operating system

ANALISIS STRATEGI MARKETING USAHA PEDAGANG KAKI LIMA MUSLIM DI CAR FREE DAY TELANAIPURA KOTA JAMBI

Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui strategi marketing usaha pedagang kaki lima muslim di car free day Telanaipura Kota Jambi melalui suatu kegiatan yang telah dibentuk oleh pemerintah yaitu program car free day (CFD). Sebagai tujuan antaranya adalah untuk mengetahui konsep marketing syariah pada usaha pedagang kaki lima muslim Di CFD, mengetahui strategi marketing yang sudah dijalankan pedagang kaki lima muslim Di CFD, dan mengetahui respon masyarakat terhadap strategi marketing pedagang kaki lima muslim Di CFD tersebut. Skiripsi ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa (1) pedagang sudah menerapkan konsep marketing syariah seperti menawarkan harga yang terjangkau, (2) usaha pedagang Kaki Lima Muslim sudah menggunakan karakteristik pemasaran syariah seperti: ketuhanan (rabbaniyah), Etis (Akhlaqiah), Realistis (Al-Waqiyyah), dan Humanistis (al-Insaniyah), (3) selain itu pedagang kaki lima muslim sangat memperhatikan tentang bauran etika bisnis islam dengan menerapkan produk halal dan menjaga kebersihan.Namun semuanya kurang optimal

Trend of daily rainfall and temperature in Peninsular Malaysia based on gridded data set

A gridded data set with the size of 0.05 degree resolution (approximately 5.5km) which representing ground observations of daily rainfall and temperature of Peninsular Malaysia has been created over 1975-2006. The integration and processing of the variety of data sources and data assessment is also presented. The 32-year period of the daily gridded rainfall and temperature data set were assessed to see how the daily mean rainfall and temperature have changed over time and space. Northeast monsoon (NEM) contributes more rainfall over the country compare to southwest monsoon (SWM). The rainfall trend during NEM is found significantly increased at the 95% confidence level (7mm/season/year), meanwhile SWM rainfall does not pose any significant trends. Both NEM and SWM temperature trends show significant increasing trends at 95% confidence level at 0.32oC/decade and 0.31oC/decade, respectively over the 32-year period. A drastic increased of mean temperature (1.20oC) was found in Klang Valley over the 20-year period. The mean decadal temperature was found consistently decrease as it approached the northern, east coast and southern part of the country

Flood susceptibility assessment in Kelantan river basin using copula

Bivariate frequency analysis of flood variables of different station locations of Kelantan river basin was conducted using copula for the assessment of the geographical distribution of flood risk. Seven univariate distribution functions of flood variables were fitted with flood variables such as peak flow, flood volume, and flood duration to find the best-fitted distributions. The joint dependent structures of flood variables were modeled using Gumbel copula. The results of the study revealed that different variables fit with different distributions. The correlation analysis among variables showed a strong association. Joint distribution functions of peak-flow and volume, peak-flow and duration, and volume and duration revealed that the joint return periods were much higher than univariate return periods of same flood variables. The flood risk analysis based on joint return period of flood variables revealed the highest risk of devastating flood in the downstream. The locations identified as highly susceptible to flood risk by joint distributing of flood variables had experienced most severe floods in recent history, which indicates the effectiveness of the method for the analysis of flood risk. It is expected that this procedure can be helpful for better assessment of flood impacts

Growth, Water Relations and Physiological Changes of Young Durian (Durio zibenthinus Murr) as Influenced by Water Availability

The effects of water availability on durian clones D24, D99 and MDUR79 were investigated in two different experiments. In the first experiment, plants were exposed to different water availability: 80%; 40% and 10% of the field capacity. Water deficit reduced vegetative growth, water status and rate of photosynthesis in the plants. There was evidence of clonal effect on photosynthesis rate where clone D99 showed higher photosynthesis values than clone D24. In the second experiment, plants of D24, D99 and MDUR 79 were exposed to a duration of water stress ranging from 7 to 21 days. Plant water status and photosynthesis rate were more reduced by water deficit in the D24 than D99 or MDUR79. Higher proline accumulation in D99 and MDUR 79 clones suggested that both clones were more tolerant to water stress than clone D24

Integration of SPT (N-value), mackintosh probe (M-value) and resistivity values for soft soil assessment

2-D resistivity method has been used in association with Mackintosh probe and Standard Penetration Test (SPT) to investigate the ground properties at Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang. The purpose of this study was to determine the resistivity value of the subsurface material together with N-value and M-value of the particular location. The study also aimed to evaluate whether there is any correlation could be made by the parameters measured. Borehole record revealed that two types of soil exist up to 13 m; loose sand and stiff sandy silt. The loose sand recorded N-value of 8 and M-value of 170 having resistivity value of 790 Ohm.m. On the other hand, stiff sandy silt recorded N-value of 9-11, M-value of 135-170 and showing resistivity value of 415-785 Ohm.m. The results showed no clear relation between those geotechnical strength parameters with the resistivity imaging result. It is due to non-existence of distinctive differences in the electrical conductivity of the mentioned ground material when they are in the low strength bracket. However, the resistivity result suggested the presence of higher resistance material that is dry loose sand. The resistivity result was able to detect the water saturated zone near the ground surface, which showed low N-value and M-value

Mangrove mapping using Landsat imagery and aerial photographs: Kemaman District, Terengganu, Malaysia

Classification and distribution of mangrove vegetation are vital information for the proper development of a mangrove management plan. In this study, classification for the mangroves of the district of Kemaman were done using both 1 : 5000 aerial photographs and Landsat TM imageries. The coverage by aerial photographs is limited to the coastal and estuarine areas only. Thus, for areas further upstream of the aerial photo coverage, Landsat TM imageries were used. Analysis of aerial photographs and remote sensing images revealed that the mangroves of Kemaman could be classified into 14 different classes of vegetation. All the 14 classes were identified from areas covered by the aerial photographs. For areas covered by the Landsat images only 7 classes of vegetation were identified. The accuracy for aerial photograph and Landsat images are 91.2% and 87.8%, respectively. It can be concluded that although both techniques are useful in determining the mangrove vegetation classes, the large 1 : 5000 aerial photographs are more accurate and provided more detailed information comparatively

Leachability and strength of kaolin stabilized with cement and rubber

Yearly, the disposal of used tyres is a major environmental problem for countries all over the world. This causes environmental hazards such as uncontrolled fire, consume landfill space, breeding ground for mosquitoes and contaminating the soil and vegetation. Hence, urgent steps were identified to produce new methods of recycling the waste tyres to solve this hazard. This study reviews the feasibility of using waste tyres in the form of rubber chips with cement to stabilize soft clay and the effect to the environment. The focus of this study was mainly the strength and leachability characteristics of kaolin as base clay, admixed with cement as the binder and rubber chips as an additive. Leaching test is used to evaluate the performance of cementitious materials for stabilization and solidification (S & S) of hazardous materials such as waste or contaminated soil. In this study, cylindrical stabilized clay specimens were prepared with various rubber chips contents and cement, and then aged for 28 days. Cylindrical specimens were then subjected to unconfined compressive strength test (using Geocomp LoadTrac II) and the specimens were later dried in oven at 105° before tested for leaching tests. These leaching methods are Acid Neutralization Capacity Test (ANC) and Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure (SPLP). The solidified samples were checked on six different heavy metals, namely copper, chromium, cadmium, arsenic, zinc and plumbum. Analysis was carried out by relating the effects of 0, 2 or 4 % cement as well as 0, 5, 10 and 15 % rubber chips addition to the base clay and its leachability. As observed, the curing of specimen for 28 days was in a range of 66.24 to 249.4 kPa. Specimen with 4 % cement is able to produce ANC9 of about 0.13 meq HNO3/g specimen. However specimen with 0 % and 2 % cement for different rubberchips content shows that the specimen do not have the capacity to neutralize acid at pH 9. Therefore, more cement (> 4 %) is needed to achieve ANC9. SPLP results showed that all six different heavy metals tested do not exceed the approved limit for drinking water by World Health Organization (WHO), United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and Ministry of Health in Malaysia

Factors behind third-party logistics providers readiness towards halal logistics

Halal logistics is an approach to avoid contamination of perishables, raw materials, and food products during distribution activities taking into consideration the need for Halalan toyibban products for consumption by Muslim consumers. The Malaysian Standard for Halal Logistics (MS 2400:2010) provides the guidelines on halal logistics based on the Shariah law, for logistics providers to specialize in transportation, warehousing, and retailing. The requirements for halal logistics involve specifications throughout processing, handling, distribution, storage, display, serving, packaging, and labelling of the products. There are concerns on logistics providers meeting the required standards on halal logistics implementation. This study thereby strives to investigate factors that influence halal logistics implementation among food-based logistics providers. Face-to face interviews were carried out with 156 managerial representatives of logistics companies located in Peninsular Malaysia. Descriptive analysis was used for company profiling, while factor analysis and logistics regression analysis were carried out to determine influential factors to halal logistics implementation among the logistics providers. Support from management, enforcement of Halal Assurance System (HAS), environment controls, employee acceptance, and company vision to change are the factors identified influencing halal logistics implementation among logistics providers

Predictors and their domain for statistical downscaling of climate in Bangladesh

Reliable projection of future rainfall in Bangladesh is very important for the assessment of possible impacts of climate change and implementation of necessary adaptation and mitigation measures. Statistical downscaling methods are widely used for downscaling coarse resolution general circulation model (GCM) output at local scale. Selection of predictors and their spatial domain is very important to facilitate downscaling future climate projected by GCMs. The present paper reports the finding of the study conducted to identify the GCM predictors and demarcate their climatic domain for statistical downscaling in Bangladesh at local or regional scale. Twenty-six large scale atmospheric variables which are widely simulated GCM predictors from 45 grid points around the country were analysed using various statistical methods for this purpose. The study reveals that large-scale atmospheric variables at the grid points located in the central-west part of Bangladesh have the highest influence on rainfall. It is expected that the finding of the study will help different meteorological and agricultural organizations of Bangladesh to project rainfall and temperature at local scale in order to provide various agricultural or hydrological services