Aphrodisiac Activity of Ethanol Extract of Cratoxylum sumatranum (JACK) Blume Stems on Isolated Rat Corpus cavernosum

Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume of the Hypericaceae family is known as “Bentaleng†by Dayak Benuaq. In ethnobotany, Cratoxylum sumatranum stems (CSS) is used as energy drink or aphrodisiac, but its effect has not been scientifically proven. Research objective to study the aphrodisiac activity of CSS extract by screening the aphrodisiac activity in vitro. Method: CSS was collected from Kutai Kertanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province. Extraction was by maceration with ethanol solvent for three days. Re-maceration was done twice. In vitro screening of aphrodisiac activity used isolated rat corpus cavernosum. The organ was placed into a 10 mL chamber containing Krebs-Henselheit solution at pH 7.4, 37°C and aerated with carbogen gas. After acclimation, a contraction test was performed with phenylephrine solution and after reaching the peak of contraction at plateau the Control (solvent extract) or CSS ethanol extract was administerd at cumulatively increased concentration. Vasodilation activity was known if the contraction response was decreased after the extract’s administration and expressed in percent contraction with negative value. Results: CSS ethanol extract induce vasodilatory response on rat Corpus cavernosum blood vessels. Vasodilation activity is increasing with increasing concentration of extract given compared to Control. Conclusion the aphrodisiac activity of CSS ethanol extracts is directly through the vasodilation action mechanism on blood vessels in the rat corpus cavernosum. &nbsp

Hubungan Konsumsi Herbal dengan Kepatuhan Minum Obat Standar pada Pasien Hipertensi di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Lempake Samarinda

It is crucial for patients with hypertension to always control their blood pressure by consuming medicines for hypertension, the morbidity and mortality rates will be hopefully reduced. Medication adherence is necessary in order to reach the target of controlling blood pressure. There are a lot of causes affecting medication adherence, one of which is the consumption of herbal remedies. Objective: To investigated the correlation between the consumption of herbal remedies and medication adherence among patients with hypertension at Lempake Public Health Centre in Samarinda. Methods: The research design was analytical observational with a cross-sectional approach. The statistical analysis used Chi-Square test. The data were collected through interviews with 94 respondents. They were selected using convenience sampling and also asked to fulfill the identity form and MMAS-8 questionnaire. Results: Most respondents at Lempake Public Health Centre in Samarinda consumed herbal remedies (42.6%), but their medication adherence was low (82.9%). The significant p-value was 0.008 based on the statistical analysis. Conclusion: There is a significant correlation between the consumption of herbal remedies and medication adherence among patients with hypertension at Lempake Public Health Centre in Samarinda.Keywords:  herbal, hypertension, medication adherence, MMAS-

The Relationship between Diabetes Mellitus with Senile Cataracts

A cataract is any condition of cloudiness of the eye lens (lens opacity) caused by denaturation of lens proteins, lens hydration, or both. Senile cataract refers to cataracts suffered by patients aged > 50 years. Cataract is a multifactorial disease. About 90% of cataract incidence is related to age. Other factors such as radiation exposure, trauma, medicine, or the presence of systemic disorders are also involved in diabetes melitus. The study’s goal was to analyze the relationship between diabetes mellitus and the incidence of senile cataract. The research was carried out using an analytical observational method and utilized a case-control study approach with individual matching. The data was taken from the medical record installation at the Eye Clinic of SMEC Samarinda with a purposive sampling method. The sample in this study included patients with eye disorders or diseases.The patients with a cataract diagnosis were involved as the case group, while non-cataract patients as the control group. All patients were received treatment at the SMEC Samarinda Eye Clinic in the period January to December 2021 and already met the research sample criteria. The data then tested using the Chi-Square test with a significance value of p <0.05, which was considered significant. A total of 334 samples were obtained, consisting of 167 case samples and 167 control samples. The results indicated that there was a relationship between diabetes mellitus and senile cataract (p = 0.000) with an odds ratio (OR) value of 3.150. It can be concluded that diabetes mellitus had a relationship with the incidence of senile cataract, since patients with diabetes mellitus were 3.150 times more at risk of suffering senile cataracts than non-diabetics patients

KAJIAN TERAPI KOMPLEMENTER MANIPULASI TANGAN SECARA MANDIRI TERHADAP NYERI KEPALA PADA MAHASISWA FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS MULAWARMAN

Nyeri kepala adalah semua rasa sakit dan nyeri yang terletak di kepala. Nyeri kepala dapat ditangani baik secara terapi farmakologi maupun non farmakologi. Salah satu terapi non farmakologi yang dapat dilakukan adalah manipulasi tangan dengan metode Su Jok. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui pengaruh terapi komplementer manipulasi tangan terhadap nyeri kepala pada mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Mulawarman. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pre eksperimental dengan metode one group pretest posttest design. Jumlah subjek penelitian adalah 30 responden dengan teknik pengambilan sampel purposive sampling. Data diperoleh dari data primer dalam bentuk kuesioner, pretest, dan posttest. Uji statistik yang digunakan adalah Paired Samples t-test. Hasil penelitian didapatkan rata-rata penurunan skala nyeri (1,5 ± 0,2) dan p < 0,001. Hasil penelitian diperoleh terdapat pengaruh terapi komplementer manipulasi tangan secara mandiri terhadap nyeri kepala

Effect of Ethanol Extract of Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) URB on Anaerobic Bacterial Prophyromonas gingivalis In Vitro

Periodontitis is an inflamation of supporting tissues on teeth that became the main cause of Prophyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) bacteria. Treatment of periodontitis is by giving antibacterial agent therapy. Plants that have antibacterial effects one are Eleutherine bulbosa (UEB) bulbs from the Iridaceae family. This plant has been used for ethnobotany boils drugs and has been known to have antibacterial activity toward against intestinal pathogen bacteria that is anaerobic Gram Negative, but still unknown its activity against on oral pathogenic bacteria such as P. gingivalis. The purpose of this study was to know the effect of UEB extract on the growth of P. gingivalis bacteria as in vitro. UEB is taken from agriculture center in Samarinda city. UEB Simplisia was tested for antibacterial activity using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on BHI-A media supplemented with vitamin K and hemin. The bacteria which used were P. gingivalis ATCC® 33277. Blank disc 6 mm with nine concentrations attached to BHI-A medium, incubated for 24 hours at 37 °C in an anaerobic atmosphere, then sprayed MTT (3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenylttetrazoliumbromide) reagent and read a few moments later. For comparison, then used Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) 2 mg/ml. The statistical analysis with t-test and there was significant different if&nbsp; p&lt;0.05. The result showed that the higher concentration of UEB ethanol extract will increase the growth inhibition zone of P. gingivalis bacteria and reach maximum at 10 mg/ml concentration. The result of t-test showed no difference significant of P. gingivalis bacterial inhibition zone in the treatment group of 7.5 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml concentration on CHX group. This study proves UEB ethanol extract can inhibit the growth of P. gingivalis bacteria. &nbsp

Anti-hypercholesterolemic effect of Zingiber montanum extract [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]

Background: High cholesterol levels (hypercholesterolemia) has been recognized to cause various disease, most notably the cardiovascular disease. Unfortunately, most anti-hypercholesterolemic drugs deliver several side effects for patients, by which medicinal plants have begun to attract attention for treating hypercholesterolemia. Among others, Zingiber montanum (J.König) Link ex A.Dietr. has traditionally been taken for treating health problems caused by high cholesterol levels. Hence, this work aimed at investigating anti-hypercholesterolemic effects offered by the plant. Methods: This study was conducted on 30 male Wistar rats. During experiments, the subjects were divided into 6 groups (n=5), i.e. no treatment (Group 1, control); high-fat diet (Group 2, control); high-fat diet with simvastatin (Group 3); high-fat diet with plant extracts (Group 4-6 with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW, respectively). After 4 weeks of treatments, blood samples were collected from each group. Then, plasma concentrations of triglycerides, total cholesterol, high density lipoproteins (HDL), and low density lipoproteins (LDL) were measured. Results: There were significant differences in total cholesterol (p=0.000), LDL (p=0.000) and triglycerides (p=0.001) for Groups 4-6 (high-fat diet treated with different plant extract doses) in comparison with Group 2 (high-fat diet, control). Meanwhile, there were no significant differences in HDL levels (p=0.830) between Group 2 (high-fat diet, control) and other groups. The results also showed significant differences in total cholesterol and LDL for subjects treated with plant extracts (Group 4, 100 mg/kg BW, p=0.000;  Group 5, 200 mg/kg BW, p=0.000; Group 6, 400 mg/kg BW, p=0.000) compared to Group 2 (high-fat diet, control). Then, treatments with 400 mg/kg BW (Group 6) discovered significant reductions in total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides (p=0.030). Conclusion: Therefore, Z. montanum has been discovered to deliver anti-hypercholesterolemic effects to experimental subjects, making it potential to act as a natural source of anti-hypercholesterolemic agents

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF DRACONTOMELON DAO EXTRACTS ON METHICILLIN-RESISTANT S. AUREUS (MRSA) AND E. COLI MULTIPLE DRUG RESISTANCE (MDR)

Background: Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant and Escherichia coli, multidrug-resistant included in the list of antibiotic-resistant priority pathogens from WHO. As multidrug-resistant bacteria problem is increasing, it is necessary to probe new sources for identifying antimicrobial compounds. Medicinal plants represent a rich source of antimicrobial agents. One of the potential plants for further examined as antibacterial is Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe. The present study designed to find the antibacterial activity of D. dao stem bark extracts on Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and E. coli Multiple Drug Resistance (MDR), followed by determined secondary metabolites with antibacterial activity and determined the value of MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration). Materials and Methods: D. dao stem bark extracted using 60% ethanol. Disc diffusion test methods used to find the antibacterial activity, following by microdilution methods to find the value of MIC and MBC. Secondary metabolites with antibacterial activity determined by bioautography using TLC (thin layer chromatography) methods. Results: D. dao stem bark extracts are sensitive to MSSA, MRSA and E.coli MDR bacteria. The inhibition zone is 16.0 mm in MSSA, 11.7 mm in MRSA and 10.7 mm in E. coli MDR. The entire MBC/MIC ratios for MSSA, MRSA and E.coli MDR is lower than 4. The ratio showed bactericidal effects of D. dao stem bark extracts. In TLC results, colorless bands found to be secondary metabolites with antibacterial activity. Conclusion: D. dao stem bark extracts are potential to develop as antibacterial agent especially against MRSA and E. coli MDR strain

UJI AKTIVITAS TRAKEOSPASMOLITIK EKSTRAK ETANOL Centella asiatica (L.) URB. PADA ORGAN TERPISAH TRAKEA MARMUT UNTUK MELIHAT EFEK ANTIASMA

Asma merupakan penyakit inflamasi kronik saluran nafas yang ditandai dengan terjadinya hiperesponsif saluran nafas dan penyempitan saluran nafas secara reversibel. Asma hingga kini masih merupakan masalah kesehatan utama di dunia. Pemberian obat-obatan anti asma merupakan penatalaksanaan penyakit tersebut. Namun demikian terdapat masalah efek samping obat dan masalah biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk pembelian obat tersebut, apalagi asma merupakan penyakit kronis yang memerlukan pengobatan jangka panjang. Dengan demikian maka perlu pengembangan obat antiasma berbasis tumbuhan obat dengan biaya yang lebih terjangkau dan efek samping yang lebih sedikit. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji potensi ekstrak etanol Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. yang secara tradisional digunakan etnis Dayak sebagai obat batuk. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat aktivitas trakeospasmolitik ekstrak etanol C. asiatica pada organ terpisah trakea marmut untuk melihat efek antiasma. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ekstrak C. asiatica memiliki aktivitas trakeospasmolitik yang signifikan jika dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif. Meskipun nilai E maks C. asiatica lebih rendah daripada aminofilin, namun nilai EC50 tidak jauh berbeda dengan aminofilin sebagai kontrol positif. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah ekstrak etanol C. asiatica memiliki efek antiasma berdasarkan aktivitas trakeospasmolitiknya.   Kata kunci: Centella asiatica, spasmolitik, organ terpisah trake