Development Of A Vibration Based Electromagnetic Energy Harvester (EEH) Using Graphene Silver Conductive Direct-Write Process For Automotive Thermal-Sensor

Vibration Energy Harvesting is the concept of converting the kinetic energy inherent in vibrations to electricity. Vibration comes from many sources either natural vibration or forced vibration and vibration also can cause severe issue that may produce noise,impede stability and generate crack in structure.However,it can be beneficial in energy harvester as one of the power source which can be harvest and turn into electricity. With the development of low power energy harvester in recent years have given many opportunities to these sensors to functioning autonomously and wireless, especially in automotive.Furthermore, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) concept has been on focus lately and become most important aspect in energy harvesting in micro-size device because the advantages of low-volume,low-weight and integration capability with other MEMS components.A double electromagnetic energy harvester (EEH) with three layer of conductive ink as coil was developed.The coil was made from graphene and silver conductive ink as a replacement of initial copper coil winding which limited for its bulky size and heavy weight.This research had study the conductivity of the conductive ink and development of the EEH’s device and system.EEH device also focused on its layers of the conductive ink coil and output power.The coil was printed on TPU or PET substrate due to their flexibility.Test was done on the conductive ink to find the most conductive material for the coil,which 40% loading composition of graphene and 80% laoding composition of silver gave most lower resistivity which resistivity,R is inversely proportional with current,I.Furthermore,damping test was done to measure damping coefficient of both conductive ink which graphene conductive ink’s damping coefficient is 0.01585 and for silver conductive ink is 0.00654.This damping coefficient will be used to obtain the output power of the EEH.Lastly,vibration experiment was done and from the experiment,EEH produce more power with more layers was printed but the power output was decreased with the increasing of the frequency

Tensile properties and micromorphologies of sawdust and chipwood filled epoxy composites

In this study, waste wood product obtained from the timber industry originating from various type of wood has been investigated. Research work carried out on the three different sizes of fiber derived from the sawdust (SW) and chip wood (CW). The SW and CW fiber and epoxy resin were blended together respectively using hand tools machine, all specimens of fiber composite were prepared accordance to the ASTM standards. Tensile and morphological properties provide an excellent measure of the degree of reinforcement provided by the fiber to the composite. The tensile modulus increased with the filler size from coast to rough of composites both SW and CW but decreases steadily with the wood–fiber size from rough to soft content. Statistical analysis using one way and two ways analysis of variances (ANOVA) showed that the differences of results obtained from those SW and CW fiber composite samples are significant, which confirm a very firm mechanical performance of the composites through tensile tests. This shows the producing a good quality of SW and CW fibres composite which maybe used for home furniture utilities

Flexural mechanical characteristic of sawdust and chipwood filled epoxy composites

A study was conducted with the objective of gathering the information through flexural (three-point bending) testing. This research presents the testing results concerning the mechanical properties, modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) of natural fiber reinforced composite. Resin were used as a matrix and untreated wood fibres contents 14% by weight as a filler treatment parameters to obtain better compatibility involving wood fibres Sawdust (SW) and Chipwood (CW) and epoxy. The feasibility of processing the composite prepared manually from waste wood and epoxy using open molding was investigated. The tests that have been conducted are in according to ASTM (D790-97) for flexural properties test method. Statistical analysis using ANOVA one way and two way showed that the differences of results obtained from those SW and CW fiber composite samples are significant, which confirm a very firm mechanical performance of the composites through flexural tests. This shows the producing a good quality of SW and CW fibre composite which maybe can use for furniture utilities

Resistivity Characterization For Carbon Based Conductive Nanocomposite On Polyethylene Terephthalate And Thermoplastic Polyurethane Substrates

Nanotechnology has gained a lot of focus in recent years due to its application in multidisciplinary fields such as chemistry, electronics energy, and biology. Wearable electronic consists of nanocomposites liquid-solid conductive ink and flexible substrate. This study characterizes the electrical characteristic of the conductive ink with unloaded condition. The conductive ink was printed with four patterns; straight, curve, square and zig-zag patterns. Sheet and bulk resistivity results indicated the decrement of resistivity of all four patterns with the increase of the conductive ink width. From the result, it showed that the resistivity inside the conductive ink increased such as constriction resistance, tunnelling resistance and the number of squares of the meandering trace as compared to similar lengths of a straight-line trace. Size of the particle also affected the contact area and electrical flow between the conductive ink particles. Meanwhile, individual results for each pattern had its own function inside the circuit trac

The Behaviour Of Graphene Nanoplatelates Thin Film For High Cyclic Fatigue

Conductive inks thin film is a composite with conductive material that can replace a conventional and rigid electronic device into one that is flexible and thin electronic device. The thin film behavior was investigated in condition when it was subjected to cyclic bending up to 5000 cycles. The goal of this study is to obtain data for developing electrical packaging with different patterns. Surface roughness, sheet resistivity and bulk resistivity of thin films were measured at every thousand bending cycle. The surface roughness decreased as the cycles increased, meanwhile the sheet and bulk resistivity increased as the cycles increased. This GnP thin film could endure high cycle stress up to 3000 cycles before it failed

STRATIGRAPHIC MODEL OF THE GUA MUSANG FORMATION (MIDDLE PERMIAN-MIDDLE TRIASSIC), CENTRAL BELT OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

The Gua Musang Formation can be classified into Middle Permian-Middle Triassic sediment comprising crystalline limestone and occurrence of interbedded thin beds of shale, tuff, chert nodules and subordinate sandstone. Three outcrops of the Gua Musang Formation have been studied where the stratigraphic model of the Gua Musang Formation were created including burial history and geothermic model. The first outcrop consist of sandstone and conglomerate, while the second outcrop consist of limestone and the third outcrop consists of shale and siltstone. From the model, the porosity of sandstone and silt was considered as moderate to good which can be an analogue to the reservoir of an effective petroleum system. The maximum temperate that had been exposed to the Gua Musang Formation ranging from 130⁰C-140⁰C which the process of katagenesis had taken place. Knowing the temperature structure, the knowledge and study in basin analysis of the Gua Musang Formation can be enhance. The knowledge regarding the stratigraphic and burial history of the formation will enhanced the knowledge of some petroleum system element in this portion of studied area

Temperature Response in Hardened Concrete Subjected to Tropical Rainforest Environment

The objective of this paper is to characterize the microenvironment temperature response to the natural climate of the tropical rainforest. The peculiar warmth, high humidity, and low pressure nature of the tropical rainforest necessitated the present study. Temperature probes were inserted into concrete specimens subjected to the sheltered and unsheltered environment to measure the micro-environment temperature of the concrete, and study the hysteresis characteristics in relation to the climate temperature. Some mathematical relationships for forecasting the internal temperature of concrete in the tropical rainforest environment were proposed and tested. The proposed relationships were found reliable. It was observed that the microenvironment temperature was lower at the crest, and higher at the trough than the climate environment temperature with a temperature difference of 1-3 degrees C. Also, temperature response in concrete for the unsheltered micro-environment was 1.85 times faster than the response in the sheltered micro-environment. The findings of the study may be uses to assist the durability assessment of concrete

An Exploration on the Developing of Expert System in Transport Engineering

This paper aims to determine the expert system developed from past research observations. This overview of expert system indicates the use of system which have slight affects on the results. Planning of research design enables a researcher to decide on what system it should be conducted. Two main components categorized for this paper are knowledge base obtained from previous study and a comparative study between the expert system to get a summary of the best inference engine, knowledge base, benefit and understanding