Dialogue between Islam and West

Abstract: Isla

Peace in Islam in the light of Quran and traditions of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be Upon Him)

Religion has occupied an unusual importance in the international affairs in 21st century. It is being debated a lot in the academic circles whether religion is a primary factor in peace or conflict building. Among the religions Islam, which is the fast growing religion throughout the globe, is blamed as a religion of violence and conflict. However, its adherents claim it as a religion of peace, tolerance and brotherhood. In this work we will analyze through the Quran and practices of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon Him) which can eventually give us an idea whether Islam calls for peace or conflict? According to the Muslims, non-Muslims possess biased notions on Islam due to which they interpret the religious texts of Islam without proper context and background. This wrong academic exercise according to the Muslims has distorted the image of Islam in the whole world. The debate of violence and peace has to been analyzed through the scriptures of Islam and the most trust worthy among them is Quran and Prophetic Tradition

2-{2-[(2,6-Dichloro­phen­yl)amino]­phen­yl}ethanol

In the title compound, C14H13Cl2NO, the 2,6-dichloro­anilino unit is roughly planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0298 Å) and makes a dihedral angle of 67.71 (4)° with the benzene ring containing the ethanol group. The C–C–O fragment is oriented at a dihedral angle of 64.94 (9)° with respect to its parent benzene ring. The molecular conformation is stabilised by a bifurcated N—H⋯(O,Cl) hydrogen bond. C—H⋯π, O—H⋯π and π–π inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.5706 (11) Å] stabilize the crystal structure

5-Carb­oxy-2,4-dihy­droxy­anilinium chloride dihydrate

In the title compound, C7H8NO4 +·Cl−·2H2O, the organic mol­ecule is almost planar with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.0164 Å for all non-H atoms. An S(6) ring motif is formed due to an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond. In the crystal, the mol­ecules are linked into a three-dimensional network by N—H⋯Cl, N—H⋯O, O—H⋯Cl and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

[2-(2,3-Dimethyl­anilino)phen­yl]methanol

In the title compound, C15H17NO, the 2,3-dimethyl­phenyl group is disordered over two sites with an occupancy ratio of 0.869 (3):0.131 (3). The major and minor components of the 2,3-dimethyl­anilino group are planar, with r.m.s. deviations of 0.0214 and 0.0303 Å, respectively, and are oriented at a dihedral angle of 2.6 (6)°. The phenyl­methanol–benzene ring is oriented at dihedral angles of 83.16 (6) and 81.0 (3)° with respect to the major and minor components of the 2,3-dimethyl­anilino group, respectively. An S(6) ring motif is present due to intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonding. In the crystal, mol­ecules are connected into supra­molecular chains via O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding along the b axis. C—H⋯π inter­actions help to stabilize the crystal structure

5-Carb­oxy-2,4-dihy­droxy­anilinium chloride

In the title salt, C7H8NO4 +·Cl−, the organic group is planar with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.0265 Å. An S(6) ring motif is formed due to an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond. The compound consists of dimers due to inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds with an R 2 2(8) ring motif. The dimers are inter­linked through strong N—H⋯Cl and O—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, resulting in a three-dimensional polymeric network

Synthetically modified bioisosteres of salicyl alcohol and their gastroulcerogenic assessment versus aspirin: biochemical and histological correlates

The present study was conducted to synthesize nitrogen containing derivatives of salicyl alcohol and to investigate in vivo their ulcerogenic potential in comparison with aspirin in rats. The compounds [4-(2-hydroxybenzyl) morpholin-4-iumchloride (I)] and [1,4-bis(2-hydroxybenzyl) piperazine-1,4-diium chloride (II)] were synthesized and their chemical structures were characterized using spectral data. In our previous study (Ali et al., Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 7:585–596, 2013), both compounds showed anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antipyretic properties in standard animal models and a greater binding affinity for cyclooxygenase-2 versus cyclooxygenase-1 in molecular docking and dynamics analysis. For in vivo studies, animals were randomly divided into four groups. The synthetic compounds (both at 100 or 150 mg/kg), aspirin (150 mg/kg), or saline vehicle was administered orally, once daily for 6 days and then tested for ulcerogenic activity. At the end of the procedure, gastric juice and tissues were collected and subjected to biochemical and histological analyses. The results of the study revealed that in the case of the aspirin-treated group, there was a significant increase in gastric juice volume, free acidity, total acidity, and ulcer score and a decrease in gastric pH. Moreover, histological examination of the gastric mucosa of the aspirin-treated group indicated morphological changes while neither of the synthetic compounds showed any significant ulcerogenic or cytotoxic properties. The results of the present study suggest that both compounds are free from ulcerogenic side effects and may represent a better alternative to aspirin

Novel hydroquinone derivatives alleviate algesia, inflammation and pyrexia in the absence of gastric ulcerogenicity

Purpose: To synthesize and characterize novel hydroquinone compounds that exhibit an aspirin-like pharmacological profile devoid of ulcerogenic side effects.Methods: Two novel hydroquinone derivatives, viz, 2,5-bis(piperidinomethyl)hydroquinone and 2,5- bis(pyrrolidinomet hyl)hydroquinone, were synthesized by refluxing hydroquinone, paraformaldehyde and secondary amines (piperidine or pyrrolidine) in ethanol. The structures were authenticated by infrared (IR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, mass spectrometry (MS) and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques. The synthesized derivatives were evaluated for antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities along with gastric-ulcerogenicity using wellknown testing paradigms. Aspirin served as reference standard.Results: The newly synthesized hydroquinone derivatives, significantly attenuated tonic visceral chemically-induced nociception at 10 mg/kg (p < 0.01, p < 0.001), 20 and 40 mg/kg (p < 0.001), inhibited the temporal-inflammatory reaction at 50 mg/kg (2 - 5 h, p < 0.05, p < 0.001), 100 and 150 mg/kg (1 - 5 h, p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001) in addition to alleviating the febrile-response at test doses during 0.5 h (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001), 1 and 1.5 h (p < 0.001) of the study period. The synthesized compounds exhibited improved gastric tolerability profile since they were devoid of aspirin-associated biochemical and ulcerative changes. The in silico studies predicted high binding affinity of the hydroquinone derivatives to the active site of the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) enzyme.Conclusion: The synthesized hydroquinone compounds possess analgesic, antipyretic and antiinflammatory properties with low gastric-ulcerogenic potential. This may be credited to preferential inhibition of the COX-2 enzyme and the beneficial basic rather than acidic chemical nature of the compounds. However, further molecular studies are required to substantiate these findings.Keywords: 2,5-Bis(piperidinomethyl)hydroquinone], 2,5- is(pyrrolidinomethyl)hydroquinone, Antiinflammatory, Antinociceptive, Antipyretic, Gastric-ulcerogenicity, Algesi