Health sector reform in South Asia: new challenges and constraints

In early 1990s, Jamison, Mosley and others concluded that a profound demographic and consequent epidemiological transition is taking place in developing countries. According to this classical model, by the year 2015, infectious diseases will account for only about 20% of deaths in developing countries as chronic diseases become more pronounced. These impending demographic and epidemiological transitions were to dominate the health sector reform agenda in developing countries. Following an analysis of fertility, mortality and other demographic and epidemiological data from South Asian and other developing countries, the paper argues that the classical model is in need of re-evaluation. A number of new \u27challenges\u27 have complicated the classical interplay of demographic and epidemiological factors. These new challenges include continuing population growth in some countries, rapid unplanned urbanization, the HIV/AIDS pandemic in Sub-Saharan Africa (and its impending threat in South Asia), and globalization and increasing marginalisation of developing countries. While the traditional lack of investment in human development makes the developing countries more vulnerable to the vicissitudes of globalization, increasing economic weakness of their governments forces them to retreat further from the social sector. Pockets of poverty and deprivation, therefore, persist giving rise to three simultaneous burdens for South Asia and much of the rest of the developing world: continuing communicable diseases, increasing burden of chronic diseases, and increasing demand for both primary and tertiary levels of health care services. While these complex factors, on the one hand, underscore the need for health sector reform, on the other, they make the task much more difficult and challenging. The paper emphasizes the need to revisit the classical model of demographic and epidemiological transition. It is argued that the health sector in developing countries must be aware of and effectively address these \u27new challenges\u27. Although it has included data from many developing countries, the focus is primarily on South Asia

Hydrologic impact of climate change on Murray–Hotham catchment of Western Australia: a projection of rainfall–runoff for future water resources planning

Reduction of rainfall and runoff in recent years across southwest Western Australia (SWWA) has attracted attention to the climate change impact on water resources and water availability in this region. In this paper, the hydrologic impact of climate change on the Murray–Hotham catchment in SWWA has been investigated using a multi-model ensemble approach through projection of rainfall and runoff for the periods mid (2046–2065) and late (2081–2100) this century. The Land Use Change Incorporated Catchment (LUCICAT) model was used for hydrologic modelling. Model calibration was performed using (5 km) grid rainfall data from the Australian Water Availability Project (AWAP). Downscaled and bias-corrected rainfall data from 11 general circulation models (GCMs) for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emission scenarios A2 and B1 was used in LUCICAT model to derive rainfall and runoff scenarios for 2046–2065 (mid this century) and 2081–2100 (late this century). The results of the climate scenarios were compared with observed past (1961–1980) climate. The mean annual rainfall averaged over the catchment during recent time (1981–2000) was reduced by 2.3%with respect to the observed past (1961–1980) and the resulting runoff reduction was found to be 14 %. Compared to the past, the mean annual rainfall reductions, averaged over 11 ensembles and over the period for the catchment for A2 scenario are 13.6 and 23.6% for mid and late this century respectively while the corresponding runoff reductions are 36 and 74%. For B1 scenario, the rainfall reductions were 11.9 and 11.6% for mid and late this century and the corresponding runoff reductions were 31 and 38%. Spatial distribution of rainfall and runoff changes showed that the rate of changes were higher in high rainfall areas compared to low rainfall areas.Temporal distribution of rainfall and runoff indicate that high rainfall events in the catchment reduced significantly and further reductions are projected, resulting in significant runoff reductions. A catchment scenario map has been developed by plotting decadal runoff reduction against corresponding rainfall reduction at four gauging stations for the observed and projected periods. This could be useful for planning future water resources in the catchment. Projection of rainfall and runoff made based on the GCMs varied significantly for the time periods and emission scenarios. Hence, the considerable uncertainty involved in this study though ensemble mean was used to explain the findings

Antibacterial Activities of Actinomycete Isolates Collected from Soils of Rajshahi, Bangladesh

This study was performed to isolate actinomycete colonies having antibacterial activity from soil samples collected from different places around Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Thirty actinomycete colonies were isolated in pure culture from five soil samples using Starch-casein-nitrate-agar medium. The isolates were grouped in five color series based on their aerial mycelia color and screened for their antibacterial activity against a range of test bacteria. Sixteen isolates (53.3%) were found to have moderate to high activity against four gram-positive and four gram-negative bacteria. Since many isolates showed inhibitory activity against indicator bacteria, it is suggestive that Bangladeshi soil could be an interesting source to explore for antibacterial secondary metabolites

[KDy(Hptc)3(H3ptc)]n·2n(Hbipy)·5n(H2O), a layered coordination polymer containing DyO6N3 tri-capped trigonal prisms (H3ptc = Pyridine 2,4,6-Tricarboxylic Acid, C8H5NO6; Bipy = 2,2'-Bipyridine, C10H8N2)

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Intensifikasi Karakter Profil Pelajar Pancasila di MI Syu’batul Kholafiyah

The purpose of education is not only the process of humanization, but also efforts to help, and develop all the opportunities they can and also for success in the life of the present world and the world in the future. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive method, this research was conducted for natural purposes. Natural goals are personalities that grow as the facts are, not manipulated by researchers and the presence of researchers. Research conducted Field research and data found by researchers using interview documentation with curriculum experts at MI Syu’batul Kholafiyah Jatiurip. The results of this study can be carried out by direct observation to see the strengthening of the Pancasila character profile of MI Syu’batul Kholafiyah Jatiurip students. The Ministry of Education and Culture emphasizes the importance of character building through the 2020-2035 Indonesian Education Plan, one of the slides explaining that superior human resources are lifelong learners with global skills and behaviors that are in line with the noble qualities of Pancasila. The development of superior human resources must be comprehensive and not only focus on cognitive skills. Character education is a method of activity that is carried out using all resources and conscious and periodic work to guide students. The values ​​of personality thought that are internalized in the research are religion, patriotism, intelligence, accountability, obedience, independence. The profile of Pancasila aims to shape Indonesian students to be permanent education. Pancasila competence is an outline of the ability of students with personality in the same direction as Pancasila quality. Pancasila students have six virtues, namely faith, piety to God Almighty, international diversity, mutual cooperation, independence, responsive thinking and noble character

Digital Emotion Regulation on Social Media

Emotion regulation is the process of consciously altering one's affective state, that is the underlying emotional state such as happiness, confidence, guilt, anger etc. The ability to effectively regulate emotions is necessary for functioning efficiently in everyday life. Today, the pervasiveness of digital technology is being purposefully employed to modify our affective states, a process known as digital emotion regulation. Understanding digital emotion regulation can help support the rise of ethical technology design, development, and deployment. This article presents an overview of digital emotion regulation in social media applications, as well as a synthesis of recent research on emotion regulation interventions for social media. We share our findings from analysing state-of-the-art literature on how different social media applications are utilised at different stages in the process of emotion regulation

Digitalisasi Pendidikan Pesantren melalui Sistem Pembayaran Cashless Menggunakan Ngabar Smart Payment di Pondok Pesantren Wali Songo Ngabar

Pondok Pesantren Wali Songo Ngabar merupakan salah satu pondok pesantren telah mengikuti perkembangan digital di era yang lebih maju dan modern ini. Sebagai buktinya ialah dengan mendukung kehadiran financial technologi, yaitu teknologi digital yang digunakan pada pelayanan jasa keuangan seperti pembayaran menggunakan uang elektronik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui landasan syariah tentang sistem pembayaran Cashless, bagamaina metode implemetasi sistem pembayaran Cashless menggunakan Ngabar Smart Payment di Pondok Pesantren Wali Songo Ngabar, serta mengetahui kelebihan dan kekurangan penggunaan Ngabar Smart Payment di Pondok Pesantren Wali Songo Ngabar. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data observasi, wawancara. Subjek penelitian ini adalah staf bagian administrasi dan guru Pondok Pesantren Wali Songo Ngabar. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwasanya Ngabar Smart Payment merupakan sistem pembayaran yang dapat mempermudah sirkulasi keuangan dan pembayaran di Pondok Pesantren Wali Songo Ngabar. Adapun kelebihan dari pengimplementasian Ngabar Smart Payment diantaranya adalah sistem keuangannya transparan atau terbuka. Yaitu semua akses atau operasi keuangan di seluruh merchant Pondok Pesantren Wali Songo Ngabar dapat dilihat dalam satu sistem, melalui sistem yang hanya dikendalikan oleh bagian administrasi. Terdapat beberapa kekurangan dalam penggunaan sistem cashless, diantaranya adalah mudah hilang, disebabkan oleh bentuk kartu yang tipis dan tidak terlalu besar,serta sering dibawa ketika hendak digunakan

Pengaruh Siklus Belajar Tri Pramana Guna Meningkatkan Hasil Pembelajaran IPA Bermuatan Kearifan Lokal Di MI Nahdlatul Ulama'

Tujuan dari penulisan jurnal ini adalah guna meningkatkan hasil belajar IPA menggunakan siklus belajar Tri Pramana bermuatan kearifan lokal. penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus. Setiap siklus terdiri dari tahap perencanaan, pelaksanaan tindakan, observasi dan evaluasi, serta refleksi. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa/siswi MI Nahdlatul Ulama' yang berjumlah 21 orang. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu penelitian tindakan kelas dengan deskriptif kualitatif. Pembelajaran siklus Tri pramana diharapkan mampu berimplikasi dan memberikan pengaruh yang baik pada peningkatan hasil belajar peserta didik khususnya di kelas V IT MI Nahdlatul Ulama'. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan rata-rata persentase yang diperoleh siswa dari siklus I dengan presentase 79,5% pada kategori baik, dan pada siklus 2 terjadi peningkatan menjadi 87,8 % pada kategori sangat baik

Water-soluble Fraction of Abelmoschus esculentus L Interacts with Glucose and Metformin Hydrochloride and Alters Their Absorption Kinetics after Coadministration in Rats

This study was done to investigate the effects of water-soluble fraction (WSF) of the fruits of Abelmoschus esculentus L (okra/lady's fingers) on absorption of oral glucose as well as metformin from the gastrointestinal tract in the Long Evans rats. WSF of A. esculentus significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the absorption of glucose as studied in the 24 hrs fasting rats. The effect of WSF of A. esculentus on metformin absorption was studied in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in the average blood glucose level from 2 to 24 hours after metformin therapy in presence (33.6 to 34.2 mmol/L) or absence (15.2 to 20.2 mmol/L) of oral WSF of A. esculentus. In both of the experiments, Na-carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was used as positive control. The results of this study indicate that A. esculentus may improve glycemic control but should not be taken concurrently with metformin hydrochloride in controlling diabetes mellitus