16,999 research outputs found

    Inequality and economic growth in Bangladesh- a diversified evidence on Kuznets pattern 'U' hypothesis

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    The study of inequality and economic growth to the developing countries are now a days a comprehensive issue since growth stimulate the standard of living to the poor people and accordingly reduce income inequality.The improvement of inequality and growth may reduce the social movement to the government and may keep the economic and social integrity amongst the different ethnic groups by efficient resource allocation and income redistribution in Bangladesh. The objective of this research is to assess the long term relationship between inequality and growth in Bangladesh with a methodology of Kuznets pattern inverted U hypothesis first introduced by Simon Kuznets since 1955. The popular concept of Kuznets hypothesis suggests that as economic growth occurs,income inequality first increase and then decline after a certain turning point. The study of Kuznets hypothesis is popular to the international economic environment rather than domestic, especially to the developing countries where the per capita GDP is below the level of world average. This study found the evidence that the presumption of Kuznets hypothesis has satisfy in the economy of Bangladesh in national level. In low income countries, structural adjustment is necessary to satisfy the Kuznets hypothesis.Kuznets Hypothesis, Inequality, Growth

    Frustration of square cupola in Sr(TiO)Cu4_{4}(PO4_{4})4_{4}

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    The structural and magnetic properties of the square-cupola antiferromagnet Sr(TiO)Cu4_{4}(PO4_{4})4_{4} are investigated via x-ray diffraction, magnetization, heat capacity, and 31^{31}P nuclear magnetic resonance experiments on polycrystalline samples, as well as density-functional band-structure calculations. The temperature-dependent unit cell volume could be described well using the Debye approximation with the Debye temperature of θD≃\theta_{\rm D} \simeq 550~K. Magnetic response reveals a pronounced two-dimensionality with a magnetic long-range-order below TN≃6.2T_{\rm N} \simeq 6.2~K. High-field magnetization exhibits a kink at 1/31/3 of the saturation magnetization. Asymmetric 31^{31}P NMR spectra clearly suggest strong in-plane anisotropy in the magnetic susceptibility, as anticipated from the crystal structure. From the 31^{31}P NMR shift vs bulk susceptibility plot, the isotropic and axial parts of the hyperfine coupling between 31^{31}P nuclei and the Cu2+^{2+} spins are calculated to be Ahfiso≃6539A_{\rm hf}^{\rm iso} \simeq 6539 and Ahfax≃952A_{\rm hf}^{\rm ax} \simeq 952~Oe/μB\mu_{\rm B}, respectively. The low-temperature and low-field 31^{31}P NMR spectra indicate a commensurate antiferromagnetic ordering. Frustrated nature of the compound is inferred from the temperature-dependent 31^{31}P NMR spin-lattice relaxation rate and confirmed by our microscopic analysis that reveals strong frustration of the square cupola by next-nearest-neighbor exchange couplings.Comment: 11 pages, 13 figures, 1 table, Phys. Rev. B (Accepted, 2018
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