29 research outputs found

    Le service de santé national grec (organisation, financement et politique du médicament)

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    LYON1-BU Santé (693882101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Streamlining the management stage through 4Dplanning

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    Inom byggbranschen har det konstaterats att BIM och 4D-planering Ă€r arbetssĂ€tt som effektiviserar och underlĂ€ttar arbete under projektering- och produktionsskedet. Det har visat sig att dessa tekniker Ă€r kostnads- samt tidsbesparande. ÅskĂ„dliggörande av en visuell modell för planering inför framtida arbetsmoment Ă€r av stor vikt för effektivisering. I dagslĂ€get saknar förvaltningsskedet implementering av 4D i arbetsprocessen. För att kunna förvalta en byggnad sĂ„ mĂ„ste informationsunderlaget vara korrekt pĂ„ sĂ„dan detaljnivĂ„ att drift och underhĂ„ll kan utföras effektivt samt att underlaget stĂ€ndigt kan uppdateras. I dagslĂ€get stĂ€lls inte noggranna krav för informationsövergĂ„ngen frĂ„n tidigare skeden till förvaltning. Förvaltaren har inte heller kompetens att anvĂ€nda sig utav teknik i 4D. Den fjĂ€rde dimensionen innefattar tid och en tidplan kopplas till en befintlig 3D-modell. Flertalet studier har genomförts för att ta reda pĂ„ hur tekniken 4D kan tillĂ€mpas inom arbete med förvaltning. Undersökningar kring dagens största problem inom förvaltning har betraktats för belysning av ett lösningsförslag genom tillĂ€mpning av tekniken. Stort intresse för implementering av tekniken har skĂ„dats. DĂ€remot existerar bristande kunskap för hantering av tekniken. Förvaltare har i studerade fall svĂ„righeter att hantera utdelad information frĂ„n tidigare byggskeden och bidrar i mĂ„nga fall till en undermĂ„lig förvaltning. Detta pĂ„ grund av att informationen Ă€r storartad, svĂ„rhanterlig och innehĂ„llandes oanvĂ€ndbara aspekter. FrĂ€mjande av drift- och underhĂ„llsarbetet strĂ€vas efter i rapporten genom en enda digitaliserad modell dĂ€r fjĂ€rde dimensionen adderas och dĂ€r samtlig information till förvaltare sammanstĂ€lls. Rapportens grund ligger i djupgĂ„ende intervjuer gĂ€llande förvaltningsprocessen och dess problem. En enkĂ€tundersökning har anvĂ€nts för ingĂ„ende kunskap inom Ă€mnet.Within the construction process it has been shown that BIM and 4D planning are working methods that streamlines and facilitates work during the projection and production phases. It has been shown that these techniques are both cost- and timesaving. Illustrating a visual model to plan for future operations is of great importance for efficiency purposes. In the current situation the management stage is lacking implementation of 4D in its working process. To be able to manage a building, the information base has to be correct in such a detail level so that service and maintenance can be accomplished effectively and that the base constantly is updated. Today the optimal requirements for the information transfer are lacking and the trustee does not have the knowledge to use 4D technique. The fourth dimension includes time and a time schedule is connected to an existing 3D model. Several studies were performed to find out how the 4D technique can be applied for management work. Investigations around today’s problems in management have been observed to illustrate a suggested solution by applying the technique. A great interest for implementing the technique has been seen. On the contrary it exists deficient knowledge for managing the technique. Trustees in studied cases have difficulties to handle the distributed information from previous construction stages and in many cases it causes a poor management. This is caused by the information being too grand, unmanageable and containing unusable aspects. Conducive to service and maintenance are strived for in the report through only one single digitized model where the fourth dimension is added and where all information for trustees is compiled. The foundation of the report is in profound interviews for the management’s work process and its main problems. A survey has been used for thorough knowledge of the subject

    Comparison of the affinity of ÎČ-blockers for two states of the ÎČ(1)-adrenoceptor in ferret ventricular myocardium

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    1. We compared the potency of 11 clinically available ÎČ-blockers as antagonists of the positive inotropic effects of (−)-isoprenaline and CGP12177 on ferret ventricular myocardium. 2. (−)-CGP12177, (−)-pindolol and (−)-alprenolol were non-conventional partial agonists with intrinsic activity of 0.7, 0.2 and 0.1 respectively. 3. All ÎČ-blockers antagonized in a concentration-dependent and surmountable manner the positive inotropic effects of both (−)-isoprenaline and CGP12177. The potency of each ÎČ-blocker was consistently higher against (−)-isoprenaline than against CGP12177. Two groups of ÎČ-blockers were identified. In one group the difference between the pK(B) values of blockade against (−)-isoprenaline and CGP12177 was 1.1–1.6 log units ((−)-alprenolol, (−)-pindolol, (−)-bupranolol, nadolol and carvedilol). In the other group the pK(B) difference was of 2.1–3.0 log units ((−)-atenolol, metoprolol, bisoprolol, sotalol, (−)-propranolol and (−)-timolol). 4. The ÎČ-blockers competed with (−)-[(125)I]-cyanopindolol for binding to ventricular ÎČ(1)-adrenoceptors. The binding affinities correlated with the corresponding blocking potencies against (−)-isoprenaline. On average the pK(i) values were 0.5 log units smaller than the pK(B) values against (−)-isoprenaline but 1.6 log units greater than the pK(B) values against CGP12177. 5. In ferret ventricle the effects of (−)-isoprenaline appear to be antagonized by ÎČ-blockers through the state of the ÎČ(1)-adrenoceptor for which (−)-[(125)I]-cyanopindolol and ÎČ-blockers have high affinity. The cardiostimulant effects of CGP12177 appear to be mediated through a low-affinity state of the ÎČ(1)-adrenoceptor for which ÎČ-blockers have low affinity
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