Ermeni meselesi çerçevesinde 1893 Ankara mahkemelerinin yeri ve önemi

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.6 Ocak 1893 tarihinde başta Merzifon çevresindeki birçok kasaba ve köyde, resmi binalara, cami ve kilise kapılarına, bazı evlerin duvarlarına Osmanlı hükümeti ve padişah aleyhinde bildirilerin yapıştırılması ile hükümetin ve yabancı devletlerin dikkati Anadolu'nun ortasındaki bu bölgeye çevrilmişti. Osmanlı Devleti, başlattığı geniş çaplı inceleme ve araştırmalar sonucunda olayların Merzifon Hınçak İhtilal Cemiyeti tarafından planlandığını, bu cemiyetin başında ise Merzifon Anadolu Koleji'nde öğretmenlik yapan Karabet Tomayan ile Ohannes Kayayan'ın bulunduğunu ve bildirilerin kolejde yer alan bir matbaada basılarak dağıtıldığını ortaya çıkardı. Ardından iki kolej öğretmeni de dahil olmak üzere olaylara karıştıkları tespit edilen Ermenilerin tutuklanma süreci başlatıldı. Osmanlı Hükümeti mahkemenin emsallerine ibret olacak şekilde gerçekleştirilmesini, bu türden olaylara bir daha fırsat verilmemesini istiyordu. Fakat alınan bütün bu önlemlere rağmen başta İngiltere ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri olmak üzere yabancı devletlerin mahkeme sürecine müdahaleleri son derece dikkate değerdir. Ankara Mahkemesi'nde 59 sanık bulunduğu halde, Avrupalı bir hanımla evli olan ve bir misyoner okulunda öğretmenlik yapan Karabet Tomayan'dan dolayı mahkeme adeta bir Tomayan davasına dönüştü. Pek çok yabancı konsolosun ve gazetecinin takip ettiği Ankara Mahkemesi sonucunda aralarında Tomayan ve Kayayan'ın da bulunduğu 17 kişiyi idama mahkûm edildiler. Padişah II. Abdülhamit, sadece İngiltere Hükümeti tarafından defalarca yinelenen istekler ve baskılar üzerine, diğerlerine örnek olmaması, bir istisna sayılması, hür ve bağımsız Osmanlı Devleti'nin hukukuna sonradan müdahale edilmemesi şartıyla Tomayan ve Kayayan isimli iki suçlunun bir daha geri dönmemek üzere Osmanlı ülkesi dışına sürülmelerine karar verdiği gibi diğer mahkûmların cezalarını da büyük ölçüde azalttı.On 6 January 1893, announcements, which were against to the Ottoman government and the Sultan, were attached to the walls of official buildings, gates of mosques and churches in many small towns and villages. Thus the attention of Ottoman government and Europe turned to these places especially to Merzifon. By initiating a broad investigation and research, the Ottoman government found that the events were planned by Merzifon Hınchak Revolutionary Committee managed by Karabet Tomayan and Ohannes Kayayan and also the announcements were printed in the printing house of the college and distributed from there. Then it was begun to the process of arresting of Armenians including the two pastors who were in charge of the events. The Ottoman government wanted to realize the trial to serve as a lesson to similar cases and not to give opportunity for such kind of events. But though all these measures were taken, the intervention of foreign states to the trial, especially England and USA, was obvious. Even though there were 59 suspects in Ankara trial, it became almost Tomayan?s trial who was married with a European lady and a pastor in a missionary school. At the end of the trial, which was followed by so many foreign consuls and journalists, 17 person including Tomayan and Kayayan were put to capital punishment. Upon the British government?s repeated requests and pressure, Abdülhamit II agreed to send the two criminals, Tomayan and Kayayan, out of the country on the condition that it should be an example and recognized as an exception and from now on it would not be intervened to the law of free and independent Ottoman state. Besides, the Sultan decreased considerably the punishments of the other convicts

Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of 4-alkoxy-2-arylquinoline derivatives as potential antituberculosis agents

Three new series of 33 quinolone compounds, 2-(2-, 3-, and 4-fluorophenyl)-4-O-alkyl(C5−15) quinolines (7a– k, 8a–k, and 9a–k), were synthesized from 2-(2-, 3-, and 4-fluorophenyl)-2,3-dihydroquinolin-4(1H )-one (4, 5, and 6) by the reaction of alkyl halides under basic conditions in DMF. The new compounds 7a–k, 8a–k, and 9a–k were synthesized from flavonones 4–6, which can be considered new precursors for quinoline synthesis through a one-step reaction. All the target compounds (7a–k, 8a–k, and 9a–k) were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against nine test microorganisms. They showed the most activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 62.5–500 µg/mL, indicating their potential uses as antituberculosis agents. Among them 8a–k (m-fluoride) were the most active compounds against M. smegmatis (MIC, 62.5–125 µg/mL). The newly synthesized title compounds were also evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant activities using DPPH• radical scavenging and FRAP tests. They showed at a low concentration (mg/mL) a range of SC50 values of 0.03–12.48 mg/mL (DPPH•) and 0–722 µM (FRAP), respectively. The antioxidant results of compounds 7a–k, 8a–k, and 9a–k revealed that the length of the alkyl chain was negatively correlated with antioxidant capacity

Bir Amerikan Misyonerinin Balkan Savaşı Analizi

Joseph Kingsbury Greene, 51 yıl boyunca “American Board” misyoneri olarak Osmanlı Devleti’nde görev yaptı. Zamanının çoğunu başkent İstanbul’da geçirdi. Bütün bu süre boyunca meydana gelen olayları dikkatli bir şekilde izledi ve Boğazın iki yakasında neler olduğuna dair yargı ve fikirlerini yavaş yavaş şekillendirdi. Osmanlı tarihi içinde önemli bir yere sahip bulunan Balkan Savaşına ve savaş ile ilgili gelişmelere tanıklık etmiş bulunan Greene görüş ve değerlendirmelerini “Turkey and the Balkan War” isimli bir kitapçık halinde 1913 yılında yayınladı. Greene bu kitapçıkta bir Amerikalı Protestan misyoner gözüyle Türkler, Türk ordularının gücünün sırrı, Osmanlı’daki gerilemenin nedenleri, 1908 Jön Türk devrimi üzerinde durduktan sonra Balkanlardaki uluslar, Balkan Savaşının sebepleri ve sonuçlarını analiz etmektedir. Bu makalede Joseph K. Greene’nin gözünden Osmanlı Devleti ve Balkan Savaşı incelenecektir

Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of 4-alkoxy-2-arylquinoline derivatives as potential antituberculosis agents

AKAR, ZEYNEP/0000-0001-9262-8070WOS: 000359063900013Three new series of 33 quinolone compounds, 2-(2-, 3-, and 4-fluoropheny1)-4-0-alkyl(C5-15) quinolines (7a-k, 8a-k, and 9a-k), were synthesized from 2-(2-, 3-, and 4-fluoropheny1)-2,3-dihydroquinolin-4(1H)-one (4, 5, and 6) by the reaction of alkyl halides under basic conditions in DMF. The new compounds 7a-k, 8a-k, and 9a-k were synthesized from flavonones 4-6, which can be considered new precursors for quinoline synthesis through a one-step reaction. All the target compounds (7a-k, 8a-k, and 9a-k) were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against nine test microorganisms. They showed the most activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 62.5-500 mu g/mL, indicating their potential uses as antituberculosis agents. Among them 8a-k (m-fluoride) were the most active compounds against M. smegmatis (MIC, 62.5-125 mu g/mL). The newly synthesized title compounds were also evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant activities using DPPH center dot radical scavenging and FRAP tests. They showed at a low concentration (mg/mL) a range of SC50 values of 0.03-12.48 mg/mL (DPPII center dot.) and 0-722 mu M (FRAP), respectively. The antioxidant results of compounds 7a-k, 8a-k, and 9a-k revealed that the length of the alkyl chain was negatively correlated with antioxidant capacity.Karadeniz Technical University Research Fund in Turkey.Karadeniz Teknik University [KTU-BAP 9699]This study was supported by grants from Karadeniz Technical University Research Fund (KTU-BAP 9699) in Turkey

Synthesis, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of new 1-alkyl-4-(1-alkyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl)pyridinium bromides

AKAR, ZEYNEP/0000-0001-9262-8070WOS: 000330603900033PubMed: 24077525New 1-alkyl-4-(1-alkyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl)pyridinium bromides (3a k) were synthesized from 1,4'-diazaflavone [2-pyridin-4-ylquinolin-4(1H)-one] and evaluated for antibacterial and antioxidant activities. A rapid one-pot preparation of 1,4'-diazaflavone (2) was done from 2'-amino substituted chalcone (1) by intramolecular Michael addition using solvent-free microwave heating. New N,N'-dialkyl substituted (C-5-C-15) 1,4'-diazaflavonium bromides were synthesized from compound 2 with corresponding alkyl halides. Compounds 3a k were active against six bacteria (MIC: 7.8-500.0 mu g/mL). They also showed good antioxidant activities in DPPI-1* scavenging (SC50: 45-133 mu g/mL) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (14-141 p.M TEAC) tests. the biological activities decreased as alkyl chain length increased. the reason behind the obvious negative effect of alkyl chain elongation is unclear and requires investigations about the intermolecular interactions of these pyridinium salts with bioassay components. (C) 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.Karadeniz Technical UniversityKaradeniz Technical University; Scientific and Technological Research Council of TurkeyTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [TUBiTAK-109T388]This study was supported by grants from Karadeniz Technical University and the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBiTAK-109T388)

Antioxidant components of Viburnum opulus L. determined by on-line HPLC-UV-ABTS radical scavenging and LC-UV-ESI-MS methods

AKAR, ZEYNEP/0000-0001-9262-8070; Aydemir, Sezgin/0000-0002-6116-7854WOS: 000348878500016PubMed: 25577058Antioxidant activity of the juice and seed and skin extracts prepared with methanol, acetonitrile, and water of Viburnum opulus L. grown in Eastern Black Sea Region were studied with an on-line HPLC-ABTS method and off-line antioxidant methods, among which a linear positive correlation was observed. The fruit extracts were analysed with the HPLC-UV method optimised with 14 standard phenolics. Identification of the phenolic components in the juice was made using an HPLC-UV-ESI-MS method. Nineteen phenolic compounds in juice were identified by comparing the retention times and mass spectra with those of the standards and the phenolics reported in the literature. The major peaks in the juice belonged to coumaroyl-quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, procyanidin B2, and procyanidin trimer. Quite different antioxidant composition profiles were obtained from the extracts with the solvents of different polarities. The antioxidant activities of the seed extracts were higher than those of the skin extracts in general. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Karadeniz Technical University Research Fund [666/2008.111.002.5]; Erasmus Student Exchange ProgramWe thank Karadeniz Technical University Research Fund (Project No 666/2008.111.002.5) for the financial support and Erasmus Student Exchange Program for providing a scholarship to Ayca Aktas Karacelik during her stay in Gent University, Belgium