Die Beziehung der Sprache des Bovo-bukh zum modernen Jiddischen

The Bovo-bukh written by Elia Levita is one of the most famous epics in the history of the Jewish literature. Levita was born in 1469 in Germany. When he was still young, he moved to Italy to work there as a Hebrew philologist and wrote some popular works in his native language. The Bovo-bukh is one of them. Nobody would deny that the Bovo-bukh is a masterpiece that was brought to European culture by the Jewish People in the Middle Ages. But it is still in dispute whether the language of the Bovo-bukh is Middle German or Middle Yiddish, and whether it has any relation to Modern Yiddish which was spoken in the East Europe or in Russia. It is generally agreed among German philologists that the language corresponds in many ways with a Middle High German dialect which is regarded as Levita's mother tongue only written in Hebrew script. In the latest studies, however, it is manifested that in the Bovo-bukh there are many features that are common with various German dialects and that are never likely to appear in any German literary language. It suggests that the Bovo-bukh was written in the literary language which was used only among the German Jews in the Middle Ages. Now arises one question: What relation does it have to Modern Yiddish? In this paper the language of the Bovo-bukh will be compared with its modern Yiddish translation. This comparison will demonstrate that the two languages have some similar characteristics. Although Modern Yiddish is not a direct offspring of the language of the Bovo-bukh, Yiddish was influenced by the language of this work in a certain stage of its development. In consequence the language of the Bovo-bukh could be considered as a Jewish dialect which has the closest relationship to Modern Yiddish

エリア レヴィタ ト ボヴォ ノ モノガタリ : イタリア ニ オケル イディッシュテキ ユウゴウ

Das Bovo-bukh ist eine jiddische Erzahlung, die der beruhmte Hebraist Elia Levita in der Renaissancezeit anhand einer italienischen Vorlage bearbeitete. Es soil sich beim Bovo-bukh um die sogenannte ≪Judaisierung≫ handeln. Unter die Judaisierung versteht man eine Taktik bei den deutschen Juden im Mittelalter, die europaische Geschichte, die ursprunglich bei den Christen im Umlauf waren, in die judische Welt zu versetzen und Hauptfiguren zu Juden zu machen. Es gibt zwar im Bovo-bukh eine Szene, wo die Kinder des Helden nach dem judischen Brauch beschnitten werden, aber man bemerkt auch, daβ ihre Groβmutter ins Kloster eingesperrt wird. Meiner Meinung nach hatte Elia Levita keine Absicht, die Geschichte zu judaisieren. Er wollte prinzipiell seiner italienischen Vorlage treu sein und das Italienisch ins Jiddisch ubersetzen. So lieβ er seine Hauptfiguren auf jiddisch sprechen und denken, oder handeln, so daβ er die Beschneidung hinzufugt, weil es bei den Juden selbstverstandlich war, den Jungen zu beschneiden, wenn man uberhaupt einen solchen bekommt. Das hat zwar die Geschichte judisch gefarbt, aber das ist nicht die Judaisierung, da die Hauptfiguren immer noch Christen geblieben sind. Man muβ das Bearbeitunsprinzip von Elia Levita nicht als Judaisierung, sondern als ein Jiddischmachen sehen

Visual C++ ニヨル XML プログラミング

XML is a markup language for documents containing structured information. In terms of language processing, it means that one can input any linguistic information, for example, syntactic structures or semantic values, in any text in the form of xml tags. Such tagged texts are easily processed for any purpose. This paper shows how to tag a text automatically in Microsoft's Visual C++ environment

Traumatic reactions in train disasters

Objective : The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between peritraumatic reactions, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and pain in people injured in train disasters. Methods : The participants were injured in a train crash in Japan that left more than 100 dead. There were 218 participants in the analysis, with a mean age of 37.50 ± 14.67 years. Peritraumatic reactions were assessed using the Peritraumatic Distress Inventory. PTSD symptoms were evaluated using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised Japanese-language version. Pain was measured using the Visual Analog Scale. Results : Peritraumatic reactions did not directly affect PTSD symptoms but were found to be associated via latent variables. Regarding pain and PTSD symptoms, intrusive memories were more associated with pain than other symptoms were. There was an associative path from intrusion to pain, but no such path from pain to intrusion. Conclusions : Our results suggest that a therapeutic approach to intrusion may be effective in ameliorating the pain caused by injury. Future research should examine integrated treatment approaches for both PTSD and pain, rather than just for aspects of PTSD

イライ ニ タイスル コトワリ ヒョウゲン ニツイテ

ln this paper,regional and gender differences found in expressions of refusal as used by university students are analyzed, as well as patterns of semantics formulas，forms of apology, forms of explicit refusal，and levels of consideration. lt was found that though the content of the requests were identical, the social position of the addressee as a senior or a junior as well as the respondent's gender were factors in differences of expression. As for regional differences, it was found that the rate of explicit refusal was common for males from the western region, such as the use of the word "impossible" toward juniors，and the value of sample variance was high. Females from the eastern region frequently proposed alternative plans and displayed sympathy, especially toward seniors, and also displayed a low value of consideration. From these characteristics and others, it can be said that regional difference can be counted among the factors for difference in expression

シンタイ シッカン オ モツ カンジャ エノ シンリテキ ケア ニツイテ : ニュウインチュウ ノ ステロイド チリョウ カンジャ オ タイショウ トシテ

The purpose of this article was to understand the psychological condition of the adult patient had received the steroid therapy for some diseases in hospital.A psychological factor of six patients was investigated by "Anxiety Cognition related to Sickness Questionnaire" and "General Health Questionnaire GHQ-12"in study 1.In study 2, three patients who had high anxiety cognition and low mental health degree was interviewed by Narrative Approach(NA).As the results of these studies, we presumed that the patients needed some supports according to them,because the patients had high anxiety and stress in hospital.And,it was suggested that the NA interview was effective method for assess patient's psychological side.And the rewriting the patient's story by NA interview could improve patient's mental health

Development of Kupffer cell targeting type-I interferon for the treatment of hepatitis via inducing anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions

Because of its multifaceted anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, delivering type-I interferon to Kupffer cells has the potential to function as a novel type of therapy for the treatment of various types of hepatitis. We report herein on the preparation of a Kupffer cell targeting type-I interferon, an albumin-IFNα2b fusion protein that contains highly mannosylated N-linked oligosaccharide chains, Man-HSA(D494N)-IFNα2b, attached by combining albumin fusion technology and site-directed mutagenesis. The presence of this unique oligosaccharide permits the protein to be efficiently, rapidly and preferentially distributed to Kupffer cells. Likewise IFNα2b, Man-HSA(D494N)-IFNα2b caused a significant induction in the mRNA levels of IL-10, IL-1Ra, PD-L1 in RAW264.7 cells and mouse isolated Kupffer cells, and these inductions were largely inhibited by blocking the interferon receptor. These data indicate that Man-HSA(D494N)-IFNα2b retained the biological activities of type-I interferon. Man-HSA(D494N)-IFNα2b significantly inhibited liver injury in Concanavalin A (Con-A)-induced hepatitis model mice, and consequently improved their survival rate. Moreover, the post-administration of Man-HSA(D494N)-IFNα2b at 2 h after the Con-A challenge also exerted hepato-protective effects. In conclusion, this proof-of-concept study demonstrates the therapeutic effectiveness and utility of Kupffer cell targeting type-I interferon against hepatitis via its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions