An agonist of the MscL channel affects multiple bacterial species and increases membrane permeability and potency of common antibiotics

The bacterial MscL channel normally functions as an emergency release valve discharging cytoplasmic solutes upon osmotic stress. The channel opens and passes molecules up to 30 Å and its pore is the largest of any gated channel. Opening the MscL pore inappropriately is detrimental to the bacterial cell, suggesting MscL as a potential novel drug target. A small‐molecule compound, 011A, has been shown to increase sensitivity of the Escherichia coli MscL channel, slow growth, and even decrease viability of quiescent cultures. The mscL gene is highly conserved and found in the vast majority of bacterial species, including pathogens. Here, we test the hypothesis that 011A can influence the growth and viability of other bacterial species, specifically Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium smegmatis, in a MscL‐dependent manner. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the 011A compound can increase potency of other antibiotics, presumably by permeabilizing the membrane and allowing easier access of the antibiotic into the cytoplasm. Thus, MscL activators have potential as novel broad‐spectrum antibiotics or adjuvants that work with antibiotics to selectively allow passage across bacterial membranes

An agonist of the MscL channel affects multiple bacterial species and increases membrane permeability and potency of common antibiotics

The bacterial MscL channel normally functions as an emergency release valve discharging cytoplasmic solutes upon osmotic stress. The channel opens and passes molecules up to 30 Å and its pore is the largest of any gated channel. Opening the MscL pore inappropriately is detrimental to the bacterial cell, suggesting MscL as a potential novel drug target. A small‐molecule compound, 011A, has been shown to increase sensitivity of the Escherichia coli MscL channel, slow growth, and even decrease viability of quiescent cultures. The mscL gene is highly conserved and found in the vast majority of bacterial species, including pathogens. Here, we test the hypothesis that 011A can influence the growth and viability of other bacterial species, specifically Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium smegmatis, in a MscL‐dependent manner. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the 011A compound can increase potency of other antibiotics, presumably by permeabilizing the membrane and allowing easier access of the antibiotic into the cytoplasm. Thus, MscL activators have potential as novel broad‐spectrum antibiotics or adjuvants that work with antibiotics to selectively allow passage across bacterial membranes

Improving the Design of a MscL-Based Triggered Nanovalve

The mechanosensitive channel of large conductance, MscL, has been proposed as a triggered nanovalve to be used in drug release and other nanodevices. It is a small homopentameric bacterial protein that has the largest gated pore known: greater than 30 Å. Large molecules, even small proteins can be released through MscL. Although MscL normally gates in response to membrane tension, early studies found that hydrophilic or charged residue substitutions near the constriction of the channel leads to pore opening. Researchers have successfully changed the modality of MscL to open to stimuli such as light by chemically modifying a single residue, G22, within the MscL pore. Here, by utilizing in vivo, liposome efflux, and patch clamp assays we compared modification of G22 with that of another neighboring residue, G26, and demonstrate that modifying G26 may be a better choice for triggered nanovalves used for triggered vesicular release of compounds

Serotonergic modulatio of a sensory-motor circuit in the leech hirudo medicinalis

El rol neuromodulador de la serotonina ha sido conservado a lo largo de la evolución y se ha observado en invertebrados y en vertebrados. Los invertebrados han sido utilizados como modelos de estudio de la modulación por serotonina, ya que la simpleza de sus sistemas nerviosos, permite correlacionar alteraciones comportamentales con modificaciones en los circuitos neuronales subyacentes a dichos comportamientos. La posibilidad de identificar inequívocamente a las neuronas serotoninérgicas, permite correlacionar su actividad con los efectos atribuidos a la serotonina. La serotonina es un importante neuromodulador en la sanguijuela: interviene en la modulación de varios comportamientos tales como la alimentación, el acortamiento defensivo y la natación. Las neuronas serotoninérgicas Retzius constituyen su fuente principal de liberación. La estimulación mecánica de la piel del animal produce la activación de las células mecanosensoriales P. Dicha activación es suficiente para evocar diversas respuestas motoras y a su vez, en paralelo, activar a las neuronas Retzius. Este trabajo de tesis tuvo como objetivo el estudio de la modulación serotoninérgica de un circuito sensoro-motor en el sistema nervioso central de la sanguijuela Hirudo medicinalis, basándose en la hipótesis de que la salida motora final estará determinada por la interacción de la via sensoromotora y la vía sensoro-moduladora. En la primera parte del trabajo se caracterizó la vía sensoro-motora entre las neuronas mecanosensoriales sensibles a presión (P) y las motoneuronas annulus erectus (AE), que inervan los músculos responsables de las erección de los ánulos en que se divide la pared corporal del animal. Losresultados muestran que: - La motoneurona AE recibe dos señales simultáneas ante la activación de la neurona mecanosensorial P: una excitatoria y otra inhibitoria. La fase excitatoria está mediada por una sinápsis directa y la inhibitoria por una interacción polisináptica. - La interneurona pasiva 151 ejerce un rol modulador sobre la sinápsis P-AE, interactuando con la motoneurona AE y con la(s) interneurona(s) que media(n) la fase inhibitoria de la conexión P-AE. En la segunda parte del trabajo se analizó el efecto de la serotonina exógena y de antagonistas serotoninérgicos sobre las propiedades intrínsecas de las neuronas P y AEy sobre la interacción P-AE. - La aplicación de serotonina exógena produjo la hiperpolarización de las neuronas AE, por activación de una conductancia a cloro sensible a los antagonistas metiotepina y mianserina. - La serotonina exógena causó una disminución de la amplitud de la fase inhibitoria de la interacción P-AE,y los antagonistas metiotepina y mianserina bloquearon este efecto. - La serotonina endógena ejercería una inhibición sobre la interacción P-AE.The role of serotonin as neuromodulator has been conserved along evolution, being observed in vertebrates as well as in invertebrates. Invertebrates have been extensively used as models to study serotonin modulation because their simple nervous systems allow correlating behavioral changes with changes in the pattern of activity of the neural circuits that underlie specific behaviors. The precise identification of serotonin-containing neurons allows correlating their activity with the effects attributed to this amine. Serotonin is an important neuromodulator in the leech: it is responsible for the expression of feeding behavior and modulates shortening and swimming. Retzius neurons contain approximately half of the total ganglionic serotonin. Mechanical stimulation of the skin activates mechanosensory cells sensitive to pressure, P cells. This activation is capable to evoke several motor responses and in parallel to activate the serotonin-containing Retzius cells. The goal of this thesis work has been to evaluate the serotonin modulation of a sensory-motor circuit in the central nervous system of the leech Hirudo medicinalis, based on the hypothesis that the final motor output results of the interaction between a sensory-modulatory and a sensory-motor pathways. The aim of the first part of this work was to characterize the interaction between a pair of specific sensory and motor neurons: the P mechanosensory neurons and the AE(annulus erector) cells, a pair of motor neurons that innervate the muscles responsible for erecting the annuli into sharp ridges. The results show that - The response of the AE neurons was composed of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). The EPSPs were transmitted via a monosynaptic pathway, and the IPSPs via a polysynaptic one. - The non-spiking neuron 151 is able to modulate the P-AE interaction, by means of rectifying electrical synapses with AE motoneuron and with the interneuronal layer that mediates the inhibitory response. In the second part of this work we studied the effects of serotonin and serotonin receptor antagonists on the P-AE interaction and on the intrinsic properties of the neurons involved. - Exogenously applied serotonin produced the hyperpolarization of AE motorneurons, due to the activation of a chloride conductance that was sensitive to methiothepine and mianserin. - Exogenously applied serotonin specifically diminished the amplitude of the inhibitory response to P cell stimulation, and this effect was also sensitive to methiothepine and mianserin. - Endogenous serotonin would exert an inhbitory modulation on this sensory-motor circuit.Fil:Iscla, Irene. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina

Sensing and Responding to Membrane Tension: The Bacterial MscL Channel as a Model System

AbstractMechanosensors are important for many life functions, including the senses of touch, balance, and proprioception; cardiovascular regulation; kidney function; and osmoregulation. Many channels from an assortment of families are now candidates for eukaryotic mechanosensors and proprioception, as well as cardiovascular regulation, kidney function, and osmoregulation. Bacteria also possess two families of mechanosensitive channels, termed MscL and MscS, that function as osmotic emergency release valves. Of the two channels, MscL is the most conserved, most streamlined in structure, and largest in conductance at 3.6 nS with a pore diameter in excess of 30 Å; hence, the structural changes required for gating are exaggerated and perhaps more easily defined. Because of these properties, as well as its tractable nature, MscL represents a excellent model for studying how a channel can sense and respond to biophysical changes of a lipid bilayer. Many of the properties of the MscL channel, such as the sensitivity to amphipaths, a helix that runs along the membrane surface and is connected to the pore via a glycine, a twisting and turning of the transmembrane domains upon gating, and the dynamic changes in membrane interactions, may be common to other candidate mechanosensors. Here we review many of these properties and discuss their structural and functional implications

Disulfide Trapping the Mechanosensitive Channel MscL into a Gating-Transition State

The mechanosensitive channel of large conductance, MscL, serves as a biological emergency release valve protecting bacteria from acute osmotic downshock, and is to date the best characterized mechanosensitive channel. The N-terminal region of the protein has been shown to be critical for function by random, site-directed, and deletion mutagenesis, yet is structurally poorly understood. One model proposes that the extreme N-termini form a cluster of amphipathic helices that serves as a cytoplasmic second gate, separated from the pore-forming transmembrane domain by a “linker”. Here, we have utilized cysteine trapping of single-cysteine mutated channels to determine the proximity, within the homopentameric complex, of residues within and just peripheral to this proposed linker. Our results indicate that all residues in this region can form disulfide bridges, and that the percentage of dimers increases when the channel is gated in vivo. Functional studies suggest that oxidation traps one of these mutated channels, N15C, into a gating-transition state that retains the capacity to obtain both fully open and closed states. The data are not easily explained by current models for the smooth transition from closed-to-open states, but predict that an asymmetric movement of one or more of the subunits commonly occurs upon gating

In Silico Screen Identifies a New Family of Agonists for the Bacterial Mechanosensitive Channel MscL

MscL is a highly conserved mechanosensitive channel found in the majority of bacterial species, including pathogens. It functions as a biological emergency release valve, jettisoning solutes from the cytoplasm upon acute hypoosmotic stress. It opens the largest known gated pore and has been heralded as an antibacterial target. Although there are no known endogenous ligands, small compounds have recently been shown to specifically bind to and open the channel, leading to decreased cell growth and viability. Their binding site is at the cytoplasmic/membrane and subunit interfaces of the protein, which has been recently been proposed to play an essential role in channel gating. Here, we have targeted this pocket using in silico screening, resulting in the discovery of a new family of compounds, distinct from other known MscL-specific agonists. Our findings extended the study of this functional region, the progression of MscL as a viable drug target, and demonstrated the power of in silico screening for identifying and improving the design of MscL agonists

Novel MscL agonists that allow multiple antibiotics cytoplasmic access activate the channel through a common binding site.

The antibiotic resistance crisis is becoming dire, yet in the past several years few potential antibiotics or adjuvants with novel modes of action have been identified. The bacterial mechanosensitive channel of large conductance, MscL, found in the majority of bacterial species, including pathogens, normally functions as an emergency release valve, sensing membrane tension upon low-osmotic stress and discharging cytoplasmic solutes before cell lysis. Opening the huge ~30Å diameter pore of MscL inappropriately is detrimental to the cell, allowing solutes from and even passage of drugs into to cytoplasm. Thus, MscL is a potential novel drug target. However, there are no known natural agonists, and small compounds that modulate MscL activity are just now being identified. Here we describe a small compound, K05, that specifically modulates MscL activity and we compare results with those obtained for the recently characterized MscL agonist 011A. While the structure of K05 only vaguely resembles 011A, many of the findings, including the binding pocket, are similar. On the other hand, both in vivo and molecular dynamic simulations indicate that the two compounds modulate MscL activity in significantly different ways