750 Natalia the economic and legal analysis of the terms of international delivery contracts involving Russian suppliers

Purpose: The article presents an economic and legal analysis of the terms of contracts for international delivery of goods involving Russian suppliers. Design/Methodology/Approach: The authors analysed the international norms of regulating relations for the goods’ delivery involving the foreign element. Terms of the goods delivery are investigated according to the national legislation of the Russian Federation. Findings: As a result, it is necessary to use an economic and legal approach when developing contract terms for the goods’ delivery to take into account norms of international law, the national legislation of the supplier country and in accordance with the calculations of the contract price and payment terms. Practical Implications: The proposed method is in accordance with the international legal framework and it can be adopted by the Russian Federation easily. Originality/Value: There is no such an approach eligible to modernize the existing system in the country.peer-reviewe

Историография проблемы Голодомора 1932–1933 гг. в украинской и зарубежной литературе

У статті комплексно досліджено Голодомор в Україні 1932–1933 рр. як одну з найтрагічніших подій початку 1930-х рр. Велика увага приділяється з’ясуванню особливостей висвітлення голоду 1930-х рр. у низці українських і зарубіжних видань (сучасних та 30-х років).The article presents a complex research of the phenomenon of The Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine as one of the most tragic events of the beginning of 1930th. Special attention is given to peculiarities of eliciting of the Famine in Ukrainian and foreign editions and monographs (both modern and those of 1930th).В статье комплексно исследован Голодомор в Украине 1932–1933 гг. как одно из самых трагических событий начала 1930-х гг. Большое внимание уделяется выяснению особенностей отображения голода 1930-х гг. в украинских и зарубежных монографических и периодических изданиях (современных и 30-х годов)

Neurospora crassa Light Signal Transduction Is Affected by ROS

In the ascomycete fungus Neurospora crassa blue-violet light controls the expression of genes responsible for differentiation of reproductive structures, synthesis of secondary metabolites, and the circadian oscillator activity. A major photoreceptor in Neurospora cells is WCC, a heterodimeric complex formed by the PAS-domain-containing polypeptides WC-1 and WC-2, the products of genes white collar-1 and white collar-2. The photosignal transduction is started by photochemical activity of an excited FAD molecule noncovalently bound by the LOV domain (a specialized variant of the PAS domain). The presence of zinc fingers (the GATA-recognizing sequences) in both WC-1 and WC-2 proteins suggests that they might function as transcription factors. However, a critical analysis of the phototransduction mechanism considers the existence of residual light responses upon absence of WCC or its homologs in fungi. The data presented point at endogenous ROS generated by a photon stimulus as an alternative input to pass on light signals to downstream targets

Efficiency of the data generated by the robotic milking system for comprehensive diagnosis of mastitis in cows

Early mastitis diagnosis and treatment play a significant role in reducing the disease incidence in a dairy herd. Examination of the animals (n = 61) milked with VMS™ V300 automated voluntary milking system (DeLaval, Sweden) showed that mean milk yield was 15.03 kg (min – 4.50 kg, max – 24.52 kg); mean milking time in the group was 8 min 14 sec (min – 5 min 24 sec, max – 12 min 29 sec) during the observation period equal to 10,300 milkings. Milking time for the majority of the cows (67.2%) complied with the standards and equaled to 4–7 min, mean milking time for 32.7% of the animals was 8 minutes. Mean interval between milkings in the test animal group was 11 hours 30 minutes (min – 6 h 04 min, max – 18 h 54 min). Mean electrical conductivity of the milk was 4.14 1/Om.cm3 for the whole group of animals. Determined mean mastitis detection index (MDi) was 1.6 and varied in the range of 1.03 to 1.41. Minimal and maximal MDi was 1.0 and 11.1, respectively. Diagnostically representative increase in MDi within 1.8–2.2 was observed in 24.6% of animals. Significant MDi increase to more than 2.2 was found in 21.3% of high-yielding cows. All animals with MDi higher than 1.8 (28 animals) were examined for mastitis. Inflammatory reactions in udder were detected in 28.6% of the animals, clinical and latent inflammations were detected in 7.1 and 21.4% of the cows, respectively. Tests of mammary gland secretion showed that average somatic cell count was up to 200 and 201–300 ths cells/mL in 45.9 and 37.7% of the animals, respectively. Udder secretions of 4.9% of cows contained 301–400 ths somatic cells/mL. In 9.8% of tested animals average somatic count was 401–700 ths somatic cells/mL, and in 1.6% of the animals – more than 701 ths somatic cells/mL. Microbiological and PCR tests of mammary gland secretion samples taken from the animals with mastitis detected the following contagious and coliform mastitis agents: Staphylococcus spp. (St. epidermidis, St. saprophyticus, St. haemolyticus), Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium. Various diagnostic techniques are found to be used for detection of mastitis in the herd and the data generated by robotic voluntary milking station such as mastitis detection index (MDi) can be used for earlier detection of changes in cow’s mammary gland

Биомедицинские аспекты применения бактериоцинов и глицеролатов – возможность использования для лечения мастита у коров

Domestic and foreign data on bacteriocin nisin's biomedical and veterinary use are analysed. The mechanism of action of Nisin is based on damage to the structures of the bacterial cell, which leads to the subsequent death of the target cell and makes it possible to reduce the development of microbial resistance. Like most bacteriocins, Nisin has high biological activity due to its effectiveness in the nanomolar range and is a lowtoxic substance. Unlike antibiotics, bacteriocin nisin is completely degraded in the body of humans and animals. An analysis of the sources revealed the safe and effective use of Nisin in clinical practice for treating respiratory, gastrointestinal and skin infections and inflammatory processes in the human oral cavity due to an antimicrobial effect against several microorganisms. It has been established that antimicrobial peptides exhibit synergistic and cytotoxic effects. The effective action of nisin against a wide range of pathogens of animal mastitis has been determined. A study of literary sources on using silicon-boron-containing glycerolates in medical and veterinary practice was carried out. The effective use of glycerolates in treating inflammatory diseases in humans and animals has been established due to their reparative and regenerative effects and high transcutaneous conductivity. The data analysis confirms the feasibility of using bacteriocin nisin with silicon glycerolates and boron bisglycerolates to develop pharmaceutical compositions.Проанализированы отечественные и зарубежные данные биомедицинского и ветеринарного применения бактериоцина низина. Механизм действия низина основан на повреждении структур бактериальной клетки, что приводит к последующей гибели клетки-мишени и дает возможность снизить развитие микробной резистентности. Низин, как и большинство бактериоцинов, имеет высокую биологическую активность за счет эффективности в наномолярном диапазоне и относится к малотоксичным веществам. В отличие от антибиотиков, бактериоцин низин полностью расщепляется в организме человека и животных. При анализе источников выявлено безопасное и эффективное применение низина в клинической практике лечения респираторных, желудочно-кишечных и кожных инфекций, воспалительных процессов полости рта человека за счет наличия антимикробного действия относительно ряда микроорганизмов. Установлено, что антимикробные пептиды проявляют синергетическое и цитотоксическое действие. Определено эффективное действие низина в отношении широкого спектра возбудителей мастита животных. Проведено изучение литературных источников по применению кремнийборсодержащих глицеролатов в медицинской и ветеринарной практике. Установлено эффективное применение глицеролатов в лечении воспалительных заболеваний человека и животных за счет их репаративного и регенерирующего действия, а также высокой транскутанной проводимости. Проведенный анализ данных подтверждает целесообразность применения бактериоцина низина совместно с глицеролатами кремния и бисглицеролатами бора для разработки фармацевтических композиций