Pre-breeding of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for Biomass allocation and drought tolerance.

Doctoral Degree. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg.Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L., 2n=6x=42) is the third most important cereal crop globally after maize and rice. However, its production and productivity is affected by recurrent drought and declining soil fertility. Wheat cultivars with a well-balanced biomass allocation and improved root systems have better water- and nutrient-use efficiency and, hence, increased productivity under dry-land farming systems. The overall objective of this study was to develop breeding populations of wheat with enhanced drought tolerance and biomass allocation under water-limited conditions. The specific objectives of the study were: (i) to evaluate agronomic performance and quantify biomass production and allocation between roots and shoots in selected wheat genotypes in response to different soil water levels to select promising genotypes for breeding for drought tolerance and carbon (C) sequestration, (ii) to determine variance components and heritability of biomass allocation and grain yield related traits among 99 genotypes of bread wheat and triticale (Triticosecale Wittmack) to optimize biomass partitioning for drought tolerance, (iii) to deduce the population structure and genome-wide marker-trait association of yield and biomass allocation traits in wheat to facilitate marker-assisted selection for drought tolerance and C sequestration, and (iv) to estimate the combining ability of selected wheat genotypes and their progenies for agronomic traits, biomass allocation and yield under drought-stressed and non-stressed conditions for future breeding and genetic advancement for drought tolerance and C sequestration. To achieve these objectives, different experiments were conducted. In the first study, 99 wheat genotypes and one triticale accession were evaluated under drought-stressed and non-stressed conditions in the field and greenhouse using a 10×10 alpha lattice design with two replications. Data on the following phenotypic traits were collected: days to heading (DTH), number of productive tillers per plant (NPT), plant height (PH), days to maturity (DTM), spike length (SL), thousand kernel weight (TKW), root and shoot biomass (RB and SB), root to shoot ratio (RS) and grain yield (GY). There was significant (p<0.05) genotypic variation for grain yield and biomass production. The highest grain yield of 247.3 g m-2 was recorded in the genotype LM52 and the least was in genotype Sossognon with 30 g m-2. Shoot biomass ranged from 830g m-2 (genotype Arenza) to 437 g m-2 (LM57), whilst root biomass ranged between 140 g m-2 for LM15 and 603 g m-2 for triticale. Triticale also recorded the highest RS of 1.2, while the least was 0.30 for LM18. Water stress reduced total biomass production by 35% and RS by 14%. Genotypic variation existed for all measured traits useful for improving drought tolerance, while the calculated RS values can improve accuracy in estimating C sequestration potential of wheat. The following genotypes: BW140, BW141, BW152, BW162, LM26, LM47, LM48, LM71, LM70 and LM75 were selected for further development based on their high grain and biomass production, low drought sensitivity and marked genetic diversity. In the second study, data obtained from the above experiment were subjected to analyses of variance to calculate variance components, heritability and genetic correlations. Significant (p≤0.05) genetic and environmental variation were observed for all the traits except for spike length. Drought stress decreased the heritability of RS from 47 to 28% and GY from 55 to 17%. The genetic correlations between RS with PH, NPT, SL, SB and GY were weaker under drought-stress (r ≤ - 0.50; p70%) for RS observed in this population constitute several bottlenecks for improving GY and RS simultaneously. However, indirect selection for DTH, PH, RB, and TKW, could help optimize RS and simultaneously improve drought tolerance and yield under drought-stressed condition. In the third study, the 99 wheat genotypes and one triticale accession were genotyped using 28,356 DArTseq derived single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) markers. Phenotypic and genomic data were subjected to genome wide association study (GWAS). Population structure analysis revealed seven clusters with a mean polymorphic information content of 0.42, showing a high degree of diversity. A total of 54 significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) were identified. Twenty-one of the MTAs were detected under drought-stressed condition and 11% were on the genomic loci where quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for GY and RB were previously identified, while the remainder are new events providing information on biomass allocation. There were four genetic markers, two under each water treatment, with pleiotropic genetic effect on RB and SB that may serve as a means for simultaneous selection. Significant MTAs observed in this study will be useful in devising strategies for marker-assisted breeding to improve drought tolerance and to enhance C sequestration capacity of wheat. Lastly, 10 better performing and genetically diverse wheat genotypes selected during the first experiment were crossed using a half diallel mating design to generate F1 families. The parents and crosses were evaluated using a completely randomized block design with 2 replications under a controlled environment condition. Significant (p<0.05) genotype by water regime interaction effects were recorded for RB, SB, RS and GY. Root and shoot biomass were reduced by 48 and 37%, respectively, due to drought stress hindering biomass allocation patterns and hence C sequestration potential of the tested genotypes. Further, drought stress reduced RS and GY by 18 and 28%, respectively compared with the non-stressed treatment. Analysis of variance showed that both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects were significant (p<0.05) in conditioning the inheritance of grain yield and related traits and biomass allocation. Non-additive gene effects were more important in controlling the inheritance of the measured traits under drought-stressed and non-stressed conditions. Parental genotypes LM47 and BW140 had significant and positive GCA effects for root and shoot biomass and GY under drought-stressed conditions. These are recommended for recurrent selection programs to improve the respective traits. The crosses BW141×LM48 and LM47×LM75 were good specific combiners for biomass allocation and GY under drought stress, while BW141×LM48 and LM48×LM47 were good combiners under non-stressed condition. These families are selected for advanced breeding to develop pure line cultivars. The preliminary results suggest that simultaneous improvement of grain yield and root biomass can be realized to improve drought tolerance and C sequestration ability in wheat. Overall, the study detected marked phenotypic and genetic variation among diverse set of wheat genetic resources and candidate crosses for drought tolerance and biomass allocation through field and greenhouse based experiments and genomic analyses. The selected parents and novel crosses are useful for wheat breeding to enhance drought tolerance, yield and yield components and biomass allocation for C sequestration. This is the first study that evaluated biomass allocation in wheat as a strategy to improve drought tolerance and carbon sequestration

Sign language recognition using Kinect sensor based on color stream and skeleton points

This paper presents a sign language recognition system based on color stream and skeleton points. Several approaches have been established to address sign language recognition problems. However, most of the previous approaches still have poor recognition accuracy. The proposed approach uses Kinect sensor based on color stream and skeleton points from the depth stream to improved recognition accuracy. Techniques within this approach use hand trajectories and hand shapes in combating sign recognition challenges. Therefore, for a particular sign a representative feature vector is extracted, which consists of hand trajectories and hand shapes. A sparse dictionary learning algorithm, Label Consistent K-SVD (LC-KSVD) is applied to obtain a discriminative dictionary. Based on that, the system was further developed to a new classification approach for better results. The proposed system was fairly evaluated based on 21 sign words including one-handed signs and two-handed signs. It was observed that the proposed system gets high recognition accuracy of 98.25%, and obtained an average accuracy of 95.34% for signer independent recognition. Keywords: Sign language, Color stream, Skeleton points, Kinect sensor, Discriminative dictionary

Spatially Coherent RANSAC for Multi-Model Fitting

RANSAC [15, 38, 1] is a reliable method for fitting parametric models to sparse data with many outliers. Originally designed for extracting a single model, RANSAC also has variants for fitting multiple models when supported by data. Our main insight is that, in practice, inliers for each model are often spatially coherent — all previous RANSAC-based methods ignore this. Our new method fits an unspecified number of models to data by combining ideas of random sampling and spatial regularization. As in basic RANSAC, we randomly sample data points to generate a set of proposed models (labels). We formulate model selection and inlier classification as a single problem — labeling of triangulated data points. Geometric fit errors and spatial coherence are combined in one MRF-based energy. In contrast to basic RANSAC, inlier classification does not depend on a fixed threshold. Moreover, our optimization framework allows iterative re-estimation of models/inliers with a clear stopping criteria and convergence guarantees. We show that our new method, SCO- RANSAC, can significantly improve results on synthetic and real data supporting multiple linear, affine, and homographic models

RANCANG BANGUN ALAT PENGUPAS KULIT TELUR PUYUH SEMI OTOMATIS DILENGKAPI DENGAN AUTOWASHER GUNA MENINGKATKAN PRODUKTIVITAS DAN EFEKTIVITAS DALAM PENGUPASAN KULIT TELUR PUYUH

Di Indonesia, telur puyuh rata-rata diolah dengan berbagai bentuk makanan, sehingga membutuhkan proses pengupasan. Lama pengupasan kulit telur puyuh dengan cara manual rata-rata 10 detik/butir, jika dalam jumlah banyak harus diperlukan suatu alat pengupas. Dari permasalahan tersebut penulis membuat “ Alat Pengupaas Kulit Telur Puyuh Semi Otomatis Dilengkapi dengan Autowasher Guna Meningkatkan Produktifitas dan Efektifitas Dalam Pengupasan Kulit Telur Puyuh”. Dalam perencanaan alat pengupas kulit telur puyuh semi otomatis dilengkapi dengan autowasher ini dimulai dari memperhitungkan perencanaan daya motor listrik, perancangan sistem transmisi pada alat, memperhitungkan sabuk V, Pulley, dan diameter Poros. Perhitungan kapasitas produksi berdasarkan putaran screew pengupas berbeban. Berdasarkan perancangan didapatkan spesifikasi alat menggunakan motor listrik ¼ HP 1430 rpm dengan daya 200 watt, diameter poros 20 mm, dengan sistem transmisi menggunakan pulley dengan sabuk V tipe A, kecepatan putar reduser 286 rpm, spinner 62 rpm, screew pengupas 100,5 rpm. kapasitas produksi diperoleh melalui putaran screew pengupas berbeban dengan kecepatan 63 rpm dengan kapasitas produksi 42 kg/h. Kata Kunci: Rancang Bangun, Pengupas Kulit Telur Puyu

Review of current medical literature on root resorption in orthodontics.

Root resorption is a common iatrogenic consequence of orthodontic treatment, although it can also be seen in the absence of orthodontic treatment. It may occur at any time during orthodontic treatment and compromise prognosis of the tooth involved and also the stability of treatment results. Orthodontics is the only branch which actually uses the inflammatory process as a tool for solving esthetic and functional problems. Therefore, every orthodontist should know the risk factors of root resorption involved in the process and plan treatment with an aim to reduce its possibility. The severity and degree of root resorption related with orthodontic treatment are multifactorial, involving environmental factors and host factors. A proper medical history, an assessment of predisposing factors, radiographic evaluation of alterations in root morphology and careful planning and execution of orthodontic mechanics may reduce the incidence of root resorption. The current review is aimed at providing clinicians and academics with an insight into the mechanical and biological aspects in the process of root resorption, the methods of identification during its early stages and intervention at the right time to reduce its severity.Root resorption is a common iatrogenic consequence of orthodontic treatment, although it can also be seen in the absence of orthodontic treatment. It may occur at any time during orthodontic treatment and compromise prognosis of the tooth involved and also the stability of treatment results. Orthodontics is the only branch which actually uses the inflammatory process as a tool for solving esthetic and functional problems. Therefore, every orthodontist should know the risk factors of root resorption involved in the process and plan treatment with an aim to reduce its possibility. The severity and degree of root resorption related with orthodontic treatment are multifactorial, involving environmental factors and host factors. A proper medical history, an assessment of predisposing factors, radiographic evaluation of alterations in root morphology and careful planning and execution of orthodontic mechanics may reduce the incidence of root resorption. The current review is aimed at providing clinicians and academics with an insight into the mechanical and biological aspects in the process of root resorption, the methods of identification during its early stages and intervention at the right time to reduce its severity

Energy Based Multi-Model Fitting and Matching Problems

Feature matching and model fitting are fundamental problems in multi-view geometry. They are chicken-&-egg problems: if models are known it is easier to find matches and vice versa. Standard multi-view geometry techniques sequentially solve feature matching and model fitting as two independent problems after making fairly restrictive assumptions. For example, matching methods rely on strong discriminative power of feature descriptors, which fail for stereo images with repetitive textures or wide baseline. Also, model fitting methods assume given feature matches, which are not known a priori. Moreover, when data supports multiple models the fitting problem becomes challenging even with known matches and current methods commonly use heuristics. One of the main contributions of this thesis is a joint formulation of fitting and matching problems. We are first to introduce an objective function combining both matching and multi-model estimation. We also propose an approximation algorithm for the corresponding NP-hard optimization problem using block-coordinate descent with respect to matching and model fitting variables. For fixed models, our method uses min-cost-max-flow based algorithm to solve a generalization of a linear assignment problem with label cost (sparsity constraint). Fixed matching case reduces to multi-model fitting subproblem, which is interesting in its own right. In contrast to standard heuristic approaches, we introduce global objective functions for multi-model fitting using various forms of regularization (spatial smoothness and sparsity) and propose a graph-cut based optimization algorithm, PEaRL. Experimental results show that our proposed mathematical formulations and optimization algorithms improve the accuracy and robustness of model estimation over the state-of-the-art in computer vision

Clinical Holistic Medicine: Factors Influencing The Therapeutic Decision-Making. From Academic Knowledge to Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual “Crazy” Wisdom

Scientific holistic medicine is built on holistic medical theory, on therapeutic and ethical principles. The rationale is that the therapist can take the patient into a state of salutogenesis, or existential healing, using his skills and knowledge. But how ever much we want to make therapy a science it remains partly an art, and the more developed the therapist becomes, the more of his/her decisions will be based on intuition, feeling and even inspiration that is more based on love and human concern and other spiritual motivations than on mental reason and rationality in a simple sense of the word. The provocative and paradoxal medieval western concept of the “truth telling clown”, or the eastern concepts of “crazy wisdom” and “holy madness” seems highly relevant here. The problem is how we can ethically justify this kind of highly “irrational” therapeutic behavior in the rational setting of a medical institution. We argue here that holistic therapy has a very high success rate and is doing no harm to the patient, and encourage therapists, psychiatrists, psychologist and other academically trained “helpers” to constantly measure their own success-rate. This paper discusses many of the important factors that influence clinical holistic decision-making. Sexuality could, as many psychoanalysts from Freud to Reich and Searles have believed, be the most healing power that exists and also the most difficult for the mind to comprehend, and thus the most “crazy-wise” tool of therapy

Pilotstudie zum mikrobiellen Kontaminationspotential von Mund-Nasen-Schutzmasken bei zahnmedizinischer Behandlung

Objectives: The objective of this study is to answer the question if a surgical face mask worn during dental treatment shows contamination potential. Material and Methods: Typical aerosol emitting dental treatments were conducted. To show if the surgical face mask has a contamination potential the outer layer of the mask was touched with sterile gloves. The adherent microorganisms were cultivated. In addition, the face mask as well as the gloves that were both used during the dental treatment were examined. Five different treatment modalities were used: 1) preparation of carious lesions, 2) preparation of non-carious tooth substance, 3) trepanation for endodontic treatment, 4) supragingival scaling, 5) subgingival-periodontal scaling for 30 minutes per measure. During the whole treatment time high-speed, aerosol emitting preparation instruments or ultrasonic devices were used. Each of the five treatment modalities was conducted ten times. As a result, 50 surgical face masks, 50 gloves worn during treatment and 50 gloves that were used to touch the face mask after treatment were available for examination in relation to their contamination. The face masks and the gloves were put in contact with trypton-soy-agar plates (TSA) for five seconds. The TSA plates were cultivated at 35 °C ± 2 oC in 5% CO2 atmosphere for 48 hours. After the cultivation phenotypic different microorganisms were classified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. In addition, the number of colony forming units (cfu) per bacteria was identified and assorted in a scoring system: score 0 = 0 cfu, score 1 = 1-100 cfu, score 2 = 101-1000 cfu, score 3 > 1000 cfu. The statistic evaluation was done using the Mann-Whitney-U test (p < 0,05). Results: All face masks and gloves that were worn during treatment have shown microbial contamination (no score 0). For all treatment modalities the face masks showed score 1 46 times, score 2 two times and score 3 two times and the gloves score 1 32 times, score 2 ten times and score 3 eight times. Furthermore, the 50 sterile gloves that were used touching the face mask after treatment showed score 0 15 times, score 1 34 times, score 3 one time. Score 2 11 Zusammenfassung was not found in these gloves. In detail the five different treatment modalities showed the following outcome: 1) Preparation of carious lesions: score 0 four times, score 1 six times, no score 2/3; 2) Preparation of non-carious tooth substance: score 0 two times, score 1 eight times, no score 2/3; 3) Trepanation for endodontic treatment: score 0 seven times, score 1 three times, no score 2/3; 4) Supragingival scaling: no score 0, score 1 nine times, score 3 one time, no score 2; 5) subgingival-periodontal scaling: score 0 two times, score 1 eight times, no score 2/3. The differences between the treatment modalities were not statistically significant. The genera Streptococcus and Staphylococcus are predominant in the samples taken. Conclusions: Face masks worn during treatment should generally be considered contaminated and are a possible source of microbial contamination. Face masks worn during the treatment of one patient have to be changed every time before treating the next patient. Especially the outer layer of the face mask must not be touched with uncovered hands or with sterile gloves. After taking off the face mask, a hygienic hand desinfection has to be carried out.Zielsetzung: Gegenstand der Untersuchungen im Rahmen dieser Pilotstudie ist die Frage, ob Mund-Nasen-Schutzmasken, die im Zusammenhang mit zahnmedizinischen Behandlungen getragen werden, ein mikrobielles Kontaminationspotential aufweisen. Material und Methode: Es wurden typische, Aerosol freisetzende zahnmedizinische Behandlungstätigkeiten ausgeführt. Um einen vom chirurgischen Mund-Nasen-Schutz ausgehenden möglichen Kontaminationsweg zu prüfen, wurden nach der Behandlung die Außenflächen des Mund-Nasen-Schutzes mit sterilen Handschuhen berührt und anhaftende Mikroorganismen kultiviert. Zusätzlich wurden die chirurgischen Mund-Nasen-Schutzmasken und die während der Behandlung verwendeten Handschuhe auf Kontamination geprüft. Zur Anwendung kamen fünf verschiedene Behandlungsmodalitäten: 1) Präparation von Kariesläsionen, 2) Präparation nichtkariöser Zahnhartsubstanz, 3) Trepanation im Rahmen endodontischer Therapie, 4) supragingivale Zahnreinigung, 5) subgingival-parodontale Zahnreinigung für eine Dauer von jeweils 30 Minuten. Bei allen Behandlungen kamen über die gesamte Behandlungszeit hochtourig arbeitende, Aerosol freisetzende Präparations- oder Ultraschallgeräte zur Anwendung. Jede dieser fünf Behandlungsmodalitäten wurde zehnfach durchgeführt. Resultierend standen jeweils fünfzig Mund-Nasen-Schutzmasken, fünfzig bei der Behandlung getragene Handschuhe sowie fünfzig neue, sterile Handschuhe, mit denen nach der Behandlung der Mundschutz berührt wurde, zur Verfügung, um auf ihre Kontamination geprüft zu werden. Die Mund-Nasen-Schutzmasken und die Handschuhe wurden für jeweils fünf Sekunden mit Trypton-Soja-Agar-Platten (TSA) in Kontakt gebracht. Die TSA-Platten wurden bei 35 °C ± 2 ºC in 5 prozentiger CO2-Atmosphäre für 48 Stunden inkubiert. Im Anschluss wurden phänotypisch unterschiedliche Kolonien der kultivierten Mikroorganismen mittels MALDI-TOF-Massenspektrometrie klassifiziert. Zusätzlich wurde die Anzahl koloniebildender Einheiten (KbE) mit Hilfe eines Scorings bestimmt. Die Einteilung erfolgte als: Score 0 = kein mikrobielles Wachstum, Score 1 = 1-100 KbE, Score 2 > 100-1000 KbE, Score 3 massenhaftes mikrobielles Wachstum. Die statistische Auswertung erfolgte mit dem Mann-Whitney-U-Test (p < 0,05). Ergebnisse Alle bei der Behandlung getragenen fünfzig Schutzmasken und fünfzig Schutzhandschuhe wiesen mikrobielle Kontamination auf (kein Score 0). Für alle Behandlungsmodalitäten wurden für die Schutzmasken 46-mal Score 1, zweimal Score 2 und zweimal Score 3 sowie für die Handschuhe 32-mal Score 1, zehnmal Score 2 und achtmal Score 3 nachgewiesen. Bei den fünfzig frischen sterilen Handschuhen, mit denen die bei der Behandlung getragenen Mund-Nasen-Schutzmasken berührt wurden, zeigten sich folgende Kontaminationsraten: 15-mal Score 0, 34-mal Score 1, einmal Score 3, für Score 2 erfolgte kein Nachweis. Im Einzelnen zeigten die fünf Behandlungsmodalitäten folgende Ergebnisse: 1) Präparation von Kariesläsionen: Score 0 viermal, Score 1 sechsmal, Scores 2/3 kein Nachweis; 2) Präparation nichtkariöser Zahnhartsubstanz: Score 0 zweimal, Score 1 achtmal, Scores 2/3 kein Nachweis; 3) Trepanation im Rahmen endodontischer Therapie: Score 0 siebenmal, Score 1 dreimal, Scores 2/3 kein Nachweis; 4) supragingivale Zahnreinigung: Score 0 nicht vorhanden, Score 1 neunmal, Score 3 einmal, Score 2 kein Nachweis; 5) subgingival-parodontale Zahnreinigung: Score 0 zweimal, Score 1 achtmal, Scores 2/3 kein Nachweis. Die Unterschiede zwischen den Behandlungsmodalitäten waren statistisch nicht signifikant. Die Genera Streptococcus und Staphylococcus dominierten in den Proben. Schlussfolgerungen Mund-Nasen-Schutzmasken sollten nach der Benutzung bei einer zahnmedizinischen Behandlung generell als kontaminiert betrachtet werden und stellen eine potentielle Quelle mikrobieller Kontamination dar. Bei der Behandlung eines Patienten getragene Mund-Nasen-Schutzmasken müssen vor der Behandlung des nächsten Patienten stets gewechselt werden. Insbesondere die Außenflächen der Mund-Nasen-Schutzmaske dürfen nicht mit ungeschützten Händen oder sterilen Handschuhen berührt werden. Nach Abnahme der Mund-Nasen-Schutzmasken muss eine hygienische Händedesinfektion durchgeführt werden