Nouveaux programmes, nouveaux manuels scolaires : les limites linguistiques du renouvellement didactique dans l’approche de la poésie

Quel enseignement de la poésie les manuels scolaires actuels proposent-ils ? Analysant l’inscription de la poésie dans les programmes officiels de 2015 pour le collège, l’article montre comment de nouveaux manuels parus en mai 2016 intègrent prioritairement des avancées didactiques en faveur d’une prise en compte du sujet lecteur et des mises en voix du poème mais délaissent désormais les analyses linguistiques au risque de passer à côté de l’univers langagier des poètes. L’article présente deux activités d’un manuel paru en 2016 qui mettent en œuvre des interactions réussies entre les grandes compétences des programmes, mais aussi entre réception, réflexivité et production. La poésie y est approchée dans ses fonctions d’action et d’engagement, elle y apparait porteuse de valeurs de collaboration et de partage, où l’enseignement de la poésie prend ses dimensions éthique et politique.What kind of poetry teaching do the current textbooks offer? By first analyzing poetry’s place in 2015 official French teaching programs, this article shows how secondary school text books published in May 2016 give the priority to the reader as a personal subject and to his diction experiments but tend to forget the linguistic data at the risk of setting aside poet’s linguistic universe. Finally, the article shows two activities suggested by a 2016 textbook which actually manage to create successful links between the main programs skills but also between reception abilities, reflexivity and writing production. Therefore is here poetry considered as the support of involved and active tasks, able to provoke cooperation and sharing so that poetry may reach its ethical and political capacities

Du e-relationnel à la qualité de la relation en ligne : le cas du secteur financier

Dans le secteur financier, le développement de relations durables privilégiées avec les consommateurs est crucial. Les avancements technologiques ont fait en sorte que les institutions financières doivent maintenant chercher à étendre leurs stratégies relationnelles sur le Web et suivre l'évolution des liens établis et maintenus en ligne. À cet effet, la qualité de la relation, qui mesure la force globale de la relation, est un métaconstruit dérivé de la littérature du marketing relationnel dans un contexte traditionnel qui pourrait être pertinent dans l'évaluation des relations développées sur le Web. Ainsi, ce travail de recherche permet : 1) de mieux saisir les subtilités du marketing relationnel en ligne pour, par la suite, en déterminer les éléments clés, 2) de mieux comprendre la qualité de la relation dans un contexte en ligne et de fournir un outil de mesure pertinent à cet effet, et 3) de déterminer les variables (antécédents et variables modératrices) ayant un impact crucial sur la qualité de la relation en ligne. Pour ce faire, cette thèse se compose de trois essais empiriques. Le premier article favorise une introspection qualitative en utilisant la technique de la cartographie cognitive. Cette étude exploratoire a permis de raffiner la problématique et le cadre conceptuel du projet de thèse en apportant une meilleure compréhension de l'objet de l'étude. Les cartes cognitives des trois répondants (expert praticien, expert académicien et client bancaire) mettent surtout l'accent sur l'importance de la satisfaction et de la simplicité et de la facilité de l'expérience Web du client dans un contexte de marketing relationnel. Quant au deuxième article, il développe et teste une échelle de mesure fiable et valide de la qualité de la relation en ligne. Un sondage Web utilisant un des grands panels de consommateurs canadiens a été réalisé auprès de 476 répondants. Ensuite, les données ont principalement été analysées à partir des équations structurelles en utilisant le logiciel EQS. Les résultats ont confirmé un construit de troisième ordre composé de trois dimensions : confiance, engagement et satisfaction. Ils ont aussi démontré que la confiance est la dimension de la qualité de la relation en ligne sur laquelle il faut mettre davantage l'accent pour favoriser le niveau relationnel des consommateurs. Finalement, le troisième article examine l'impact des antécédents présents dans un contexte traditionnel (les caractéristiques de la relation) ainsi que celui de variables issues du contexte en ligne (les caractéristiques du site Web) sur la qualité de la relation en ligne. La même base de données que celle pour le deuxième article a été utilisée. Cette recherche a permis de démontrer que la facilité d'utilisation ressort comme la variable la plus importante du modèle final de cette thèse, suivie du design du site Web, de la qualité de l'information, de la sécurité/confidentialité, des bénéfices perçus de la relation, du conflit et de la commodité (la communication n'étant pas significative dans le modèle global). L'effet modérateur des variables sexe et âge a également été examiné et révèle un plus grand impact de certains antécédents sur la qualité de la relation en ligne pour les différents groupes (un plus grand impact des bénéfices perçus de la relation pour les hommes et la génération Y, de la communication pour les femmes, de la facilité d'utilisation pour les femmes et de la sécurité/confidentialité pour les baby-boomers). Somme toute, cette thèse contribue au développement des connaissances dans le domaine du marketing relationnel et du commerce électronique en fournissant un traitement détaillé des facteurs essentiels à l'établissement des relations gagnant-gagnant en ligne. Le projet s'avère aussi très intéressant pour les gestionnaires, leur permettant de cerner les dimensions et antécédents qui favorisent le succès du marketing relationnel en ligne. De plus, les praticiens sont davantage outillés afin de déceler les clientèles les plus et les moins relationnelles afin de mieux cibler les stratégies et les démarches.\ud ______________________________________________________________________________ \ud MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Marketing relationnel, qualité de la relation, commerce électronique, services bancaires en ligne

NEDOVRŠENA SMRTONOSNA TREPANACIJA UTVRĐENA NA KREMIRANIM OSTACIMA (RIM, ITALIJA, II. ST.)

Background: An original case of incomplete (and reasonably fatal) human trepanation is described in this short paper. The diagnosis was made on the cremated remains of a young adult individual who died in Rome, Italy during the 2nd century AD. Clinical Presentation: The trepanation was incomplete, as death occurred quickly due to vascular lesions, according to the anatomic analysis of the bone piece. Comparable trepanation from Roman times are described and related to this case. Conclusion: Even if archaeological, this case highlights the possibility of such a diagnosis on post-fire fragmented bones. Very suggestive lesions of section are of great interest for the history of such a practice during classical Antiquity. Lastly, from a medical and forensic point of view, such a diagnosis may be of interest during any identification process and research for a cause of death during anthropological analyses.Uvod: Ovaj kratki rad opisuje izvorni slučaj nedovršene, fatalne trepanacije. Dijagnoza trepanacije postavljena je temeljem pregleda kremiranih ostataka mlade odrasle osobe umrle u II. stoljeću u Rimu. Klinička slika: Anatomskom analizom kostiju utvrđena je nedovršena trepanacija, vjerojatno zbog smrti koja je nastupila netom nakon početka zahvata kao posljedica oštećenja krvožilja. Uz to, prikazani nalaz uspoređuje se sa sličnim slučajevima trepanacije iz rimskog razdoblja. Zaključak: Iako temeljen na arheološkim ostacima, ovaj slučaj ističe mogućnost dijagnosticiranja trepanacije iz kremiranih i fragmetniranih koštanih ostataka. Sugestivna oštećenja utvrđena na koštanom materijalu od značajnog su interesa za povijest trepanacije u klasičnoj antici. Također, ovakav slučaj može biti od interesa medicinskoj struci tijekom identifikacijskih procesa i antropološkog utvrđivanja uzroka smrti iz koštanih ulomaka

Mechanism of reaction of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from SARS-CoV-2

We combine molecular dynamics, statistical mechanics, and hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics simulations to describe mechanistically the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Our study analyzes the binding mode of both natural triphosphate substrates as well as remdesivir triphosphate (the active form of drug), which is bound preferentially over ATP by RdRp while being poorly recog- nized by human RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II). A comparison of incorporation rates between natural and antiviral nucleotides shows that remdesivir is incorporated more slowly into the nascent RNA compared with ATP, leading to an RNA duplex that is structurally very similar to an unmodified one, arguing against the hypothesis that remdesivir is a competitive inhibitor of ATP. We characterize the entire mechanism of reaction, finding that viral RdRp is highly processive and displays a higher catalytic rate of incorporation than human RNA Pol II. Overall, our study provides the first detailed explanation of the replication mechanism of RdRp

Determinants and consequences of satisfaction with restaurant services

The purpose of the present study is to empirically investigate the determinants and consequences of consumers’ satisfaction with restaurant services. A total of 121 undergraduate business students participated in this study. We found that perceived service quality had a significant impact on emotions and satisfaction. Additionally, emotions significantly affect satisfaction, which in turn, had a significant impact on behavioural intentions. Restaurant managers should monitor customers’ perceived service quality and make sure that it conveys positive emotions and reduces negative emotions in order to maximize customers’ satisfaction

Rational design of novel N-alkyl-N capped biostable RNA nanostructures for efficient long-term inhibition of gene expression

Computational techniques have been used to design a novel class of RNA architecture with expected improved resistance to nuclease degradation, while showing interference RNA activity. The in silico designed structure consists of a 24–29 bp duplex RNA region linked on both ends by N-alkyl-N dimeric nucleotides (BCn dimers; n = number of carbon atoms of the alkyl chain). A series of N-alkyl-N capped dumbbell-shaped structures were efficiently synthesized by double ligation of BCn-loop hairpins. The resulting BCn-loop dumbbells displayed experimentally higher biostability than their 3′-N-alkyl-N linear version, and were active against a range of mRNA targets. We studied first the effect of the alkyl chain and stem lengths on RNAi activity in a screen involving two series of dumbbell analogues targeting Renilla and Firefly luciferase genes. The best dumbbell design (containing BC6 loops and 29 bp) was successfully used to silence GRB7 expression in HER2+ breast cancer cells for longer periods of time than natural siRNAs and known biostable dumbbells. This BC6-loop dumbbell-shaped structure displayed greater anti-proliferative activity than natural siRNAs.Instituto de Salud Carlos III [Miguel Servet Program, CP13/00211, 205024141 to M.T.]; Spanish MINECO [BIO2012–32869 and BIO2015-64802-R toM.O.]; AGAUR (toM.O.); ERCCouncil (SimDNA, grant 291433, to M.O.). M.O. is an ICREA Academia fellow. Funding for open access charge: ERC Council [grant 291433 (simDNA)].Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Film formation analysis by diffusive wave spectroscopy

The thin layer analysis is very important for several sectors of industry. Indeed, environmental laws and improvement of performances lead the manufacturers to innovate in the field of coatings and paints. Several classical techniques of characterization (TGA, DMA, etc.) used with this intention do not allow to perform the analysis in situ and are often long and tedious to set up. We propose to solve this problem with a newoptical process. Its technology based on multi-speckle diffusivewave spectroscopy (MS-DWS) allows making real-time analysis in a non-destructive way thanks to an optical measurement. The aim of this work is to highlight correlations between this new technology and the classical methods of analysis. Two film forming polymeric materials were studied, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and a commercial paint based on an aqueous dispersion of acrylic copolymers. The PDMSwas chosen for the simplicity of its film forming process and is used as model. The paint having a more complex drying mechanism enables to complete this study

A multifunctional toolkit for target-directed cancer therapy

Here we present 2shRNA, a shRNA-based nanobinder, which can simultaneously attack two therapeutic targets involved in drug resistance pathways and can additionally bind accessory molecules such as cell targeting peptides or fluorophores. We create 2shRNAs designed to specifically kill HER2+ breast cancer cells in the absence of a transfecting agent

Listeners Exploit Syntactic Structure On-Line to Restrict Their Lexical Search to a Subclass of Verbs

Many experiments have shown that listeners actively build expectations about up-coming words, rather than simply waiting for information to accumulate. The online construction of a syntactic structure is one of the cues that listeners may use to construct strong expectations about the possible words they will be exposed to. For example, speakers of verb-final languages use pre-verbal arguments to predict on-line the kind of arguments that are likely to occur next (e.g., Kamide, 2008, for a review). Although in SVO languages information about a verb's arguments typically follows the verb, some languages use pre-verbal object pronouns, potentially allowing listeners to build on-line expectations about the nature of the upcoming verb. For instance, if a pre-verbal direct object pronoun is heard, then the following verb has to be able to enter a transitive structure, thus excluding intransitive verbs. To test this, we used French, in which object pronouns have to appear pre-verbally, to investigate whether listeners use this cue to predict the occurrence of a transitive verb. In a word detection task, we measured the number of false alarms to sentences that contained a transitive verb whose first syllable was homophonous to the target monosyllabic verb (e.g., target “dort” /dɔʁ/ to sleep and false alarm verb “dorlote” /dɔʁlɔt/ to cuddle). The crucial comparison involved two sentence types, one without a pre-verbal object clitic, for which an intransitive verb was temporarily a plausible option (e.g., “Il dorlote” / He cuddles) and the other with a pre-verbal object clitic, that made the appearance of an intransitive verb impossible (“Il le dorlote” / He cuddles it). Results showed a lower rate of false alarms for sentences with a pre-verbal object pronoun (3%) compared to locally ambiguous sentences (about 20%). Participants rapidly incorporate information about a verb's argument structure to constrain lexical access to verbs that match the expected subcategorization frame