2,616 research outputs found
Gauge Invariant Effective Stress-Energy Tensors for Gravitational Waves
It is shown that if a generalized definition of gauge invariance is used,
gauge invariant effective stress-energy tensors for gravitational waves and
other gravitational perturbations can be defined in a much larger variety of
circumstances than has previously been possible. In particular it is no longer
necessary to average the stress-energy tensor over a region of spacetime which
is larger in scale than the wavelengths of the waves and it is no longer
necessary to restrict attention to high frequency gravitational waves.Comment: 11 pages, RevTe
The Isaacson expansion in quantum cosmology
This paper is an application of the ideas of the Born-Oppenheimer (or
slow/fast) approximation in molecular physics and of the Isaacson (or
short-wave) approximation in classical gravity to the canonical quantization of
a perturbed minisuperspace model of the kind examined by Halliwell and Hawking.
Its aim is the clarification of the role of the semiclassical approximation and
the backreaction in such a model. Approximate solutions of the quantum model
are constructed which are not semiclassical, and semiclassical solutions in
which the quantum perturbations are highly excited.Comment: Revtex, 11 journal or 24 preprint pages. REPLACEMENT: A comment on
previous work by Dowker and Laflamme is corrected. Utah preprint
UU-REL-93/3/1
Energy density and pressure of long wavelength gravitational waves
Inflation leads us to expect a spectrum of gravitational waves (tensor
perturbations) extending to wavelengths much bigger than the present observable
horizon. Although these gravity waves are not directly observable, the energy
density that they contribute grows in importance during the radiation- and
dust-dominated ages of the universe. We show that the back reaction of tensor
perturbations during matter domination is limited from above, since
gravitational waves of wavelength have a share of the total energy
density during matter domination that is at most
equal to the share of the total energy density that they had when the mode
exited the Hubble radius during inflation. This work is to
be contrasted to that of Sahni, who analyzed the energy density of gravity
waves only insofar as their wavelengths are smaller than . Such a
cut-off in the spectral energy of gravity waves leads to the breakdown of
energy conservation, and we show that this anomaly is eliminated simply by
taking into account the energy density and pressure of long wavelength
gravitational waves as well as short wavelength ones.Comment: Updated one reference; 17 pages, no figure
Gravitational Geons Revisited
A careful analysis of the gravitational geon solution found by Brill and
Hartle is made. The gravitational wave expansion they used is shown to be
consistent and to result in a gauge invariant wave equation. It also results in
a gauge invariant effective stress-energy tensor for the gravitational waves
provided that a generalized definition of a gauge transformation is used. To
leading order this gauge transformation is the same as the usual one for
gravitational waves. It is shown that the geon solution is a self-consistent
solution to Einstein's equations and that, to leading order, the equations
describing the geometry of the gravitational geon are identical to those
derived by Wheeler for the electromagnetic geon. An appendix provides an
existence proof for geon solutions to these equations.Comment: 18 pages, ReVTeX. To appear in Physical Review D. Significant changes
include more details in the derivations of certain key equations and the
addition of an appendix containing a proof of the existence of a geon
solution to the equations derived by Wheeler. Also a reference has been added
and various minor changes have been mad
Finding Principal Null Direction for Numerical Relativists
We present a new method for finding principal null directions (PNDs). Because
our method assumes as input the intrinsic metric and extrinsic curvature of a
spacelike hypersurface, it should be particularly useful to numerical
relativists. We illustrate our method by finding the PNDs of the
Kastor-Traschen spacetimes, which contain arbitrarily many black holes in
a de Sitter back-ground.Comment: 10 pages, LaTeX style, WU-AP/38/93. Figures are available (hard
copies) upon requests [[email protected] (H.Shinkai)
Kepler-1656b: a Dense Sub-Saturn With an Extreme Eccentricity
Kepler-1656b is a 5 planet with an orbital period of 32 days initially
detected by the prime Kepler mission. We obtained precision radial velocities
of Kepler-1656 with Keck/HIRES in order to confirm the planet and to
characterize its mass and orbital eccentricity. With a mass of ,
Kepler-1656b is more massive than most planets of comparable size. Its high
mass implies that a significant fraction, roughly 80%, of the planet's total
mass is in high density material such as rock/iron, with the remaining mass in
a low density H/He envelope. The planet also has a high eccentricity of , the largest measured eccentricity for any planet less than 100
. The planet's high density and high eccentricity may be the result of one
or more scattering and merger events during or after the dispersal of the
protoplanetary disk.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, published in The Astronomical Journa
Optimal Routing and Control of Multiple Agents Moving in a Transportation Network and Subject to an Arrival Schedule and Separation Constraints
We address the problem of navigating a set of moving agents, e.g. automated guided vehicles, through a transportation network so as to bring each agent to its destination at a specified time. Each pair of agents is required to be separated by a minimal distance, generally agent-dependent, at all times. The speed range, initial position, required destination, and required time of arrival at destination for each agent are assumed provided. The movement of each agent is governed by a controlled differential equation (state equation). The problem consists in choosing for each agent a path and a control strategy so as to meet the constraints and reach the destination at the required time. This problem arises in various fields of transportation, including Air Traffic Management and train coordination, and in robotics. The main contribution of the paper is a model that allows to recast this problem as a decoupled collection of problems in classical optimal control and is easily generalized to the case when inertia cannot be neglected. Some qualitative insight into solution behavior is obtained using the Pontryagin Maximum Principle. Sample numerical solutions are computed using a numerical optimal control solver
The TRENDS High-Contrast Imaging Survey. V. Discovery of an Old and Cold Benchmark T-dwarf Orbiting the Nearby G-star HD 19467
The nearby Sun-like star HD 19467 shows a subtle radial velocity (RV)
acceleration of -1.37+/-0.09 m/s/yr over an 16.9 year time baseline (an RV
trend), hinting at the existence of a distant orbiting companion. We have
obtained high-contrast adaptive optics images of the star using NIRC2 at Keck
Observatory and report the direct detection of the body that causes the
acceleration. The companion, HD 19467 B, is dK=12.57+/-0.09 mag fainter than
its parent star (contrast ratio of 9.4e-6), has blue colors J-K_s=-0.36+/-0.14
(J-H=-0.29+/-0.15), and is separated by 1.653+/-0.004" (51.1+/-1.0 AU).
Follow-up astrometric measurements obtained over an 1.1 year time baseline
demonstrate physical association through common parallactic and proper motion.
We calculate a firm lower-limit of m>51.9^{+3.6}_{-4.3}Mjup for the companion
mass from orbital dynamics using a combination of Doppler observations and
imaging. We estimate a model-dependent mass of m=56.7^{+4.6}_{-7.2}Mjup from a
gyrochronological age of 4.3^{+1.0}_{-1.2} Gyr. Isochronal analysis suggests a
much older age of Gyr, which corresponds to a mass of
m=67.4^{+0.9}_{-1.5}Mjup. HD 19467 B's measured colors and absolute magnitude
are consistent with a late T-dwarf [~T5-T7]. We may infer a low metallicity of
[Fe/H]=-0.15+/-0.04 for the companion from its G3V parent star. HD 19467 B is
the first directly imaged benchmark T-dwarf found orbiting a Sun-like star with
a measured RV acceleration.Comment: Updated to reflect ApJ versio
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