Associations of plasma fibrinogen and factor VII clotting activity with coronary heart disease and stroke: prospective cohort study from the screening phase of the Thrombosis Prevention Trial.

BACKGROUND: As with 'conventional' risk factors such as cholesterol and smoking, there is a need for large, long-term prospective studies on hemostatic factors. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prospective relationship of fibrinogen and factor VII clotting activity (FVIIc) with risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke in a study with a large number of outcomes over a period of 15 years. PATIENTS/METHODS: A cohort of 22 715 men aged 45-69 years was screened for participation in the Thrombosis Prevention Trial. Men were followed up for fatal and non-fatal CHD and stroke events. There were 1515 CHD events (933 CHD deaths) and 391 strokes (180 stroke deaths). Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals are expressed per standardized increase in log fibrinogen and log FVIIc, adjusting for age, trial treatment group, conventional CHD risk factors and regression dilution bias. RESULTS: Hazard ratios for fibrinogen were 1.52 (1.37-1.70) for all CHD events, and 1.36 (1.09-1.69) for all strokes. Exclusion of events within the first 10 years showed a persistent association between CHD and fibrinogen, with an adjusted HR of 1.93 (1.42-2.64). The HRs for FVIIc, adjusting for age and trial treatment, were 1.07 (1.01-1.12) for all CHD events and 1.07 (0.97-1.20) for all strokes, and the fully adjusted HRs were, respectively, 0.97 (0.84-1.05) and 1.07 (0.85-1.33). CONCLUSIONS: The persisting association between fibrinogen and CHD beyond 10 years may imply a causal effect. There is a small effect of FVIIc on CHD, after adjustment for age and trial treatment, but no association independent of other risk factors

PENGARUH PERMAINAN TRADISIONAL TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN KETERAMPILAN SOSIAL DAN KELINCAHAN SISWA

The purpose of this research is try to learn about Side effect of tradisional games for social skill and student's effectivity. The author used the method that adapt from "The Matson Evaluation OF social skill with youngsters (Messy) and for student's effectivity the author used shuttle run 4x10m. In this case, author receive data that students from VII A-H MTSN 2 Bandung is 288. This sample used 72 students whose taken by Simple Random Sampling Technic. The results is “t-account” social’s skill 2,555 > “t-table” 2000 and from that data author got “H1” which means there is an impact from traditional games to socila skill for every students and “t-account” 0,381 < “t-table” 2,000 and author got “H0” which means there is no impact from traditional games to social skill and effectivity for every students. The conclusion of this research is there is an impact of traditional games for expansion of social skill and effectivity for students

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN UNIT PRODUKSI DALAM UPAYA MENCIPTAKAN SEKOLAH MANDIRI PADA SMK NEGERI 3 KOTA BANDA ACEH

Abstract: The production unit is a process of business activities conducted in schools, is business (profit-oriented) with the perpetrators of the school community, optimize resources and environment schools, in various forms of business units according to the ability of a professionally managed in a real effort and make changes in a rational way in an effort to improve student learning outcomes. And strategy development is a business unit of production or activity that is sustainable in managing school resources to produce goods or services that will be sold to benefit optimally. This study aimed to determine the units of production development strategy, what factors are inhibiting factors that supported. The method used is descriptive method with qualitative approach. Data collection techniques are observation, interviews, and documentation studies. The research subject is 1 (one) the principal and 1 vice principals and head of public relations skills program. The results showed that, 1) entrepreneurship program by the principal to improve teacher performance by involving the vice principal and head of programming skills, to develop the program of activities of production units, production units make promotional activities, inventory constraints, and evaluate the implementation of the production unit. 2) The unit of production by the school community to improve teacher performance and increase the quality of students. 3) The techniques are done selecting students who are involved in the production units should be more selective. 4) Follow-up to keep the products produced have the quality, 5) inhibiting factor in the implementation of the production units is limited tbsp field of promotion of learning, so often get stuck with a pattern on a particular skill program.Keywords: Unit Production, Quality Education and Self-RelianceAbstrak: Unit Produksi merupakan suatu proses kegiatan usaha yang dilakukan di sekolah, bersifat bisnis (profit oriented) dengan para pelaku warga sekolah, mengoptimalkan sumber daya sekolah dan lingkungan, dalam berbagai bentuk unit usaha sesuai dengan kemampuan yang dikelola secara profesional dalam upaya yang nyata serta mengadakan perubahan dengan cara yang rasional dalam usaha meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa. Dan strategi pengembangan unit produksi merupakan suatu usaha atau aktivitas yang berkesinambungan dalam mengelola sumber daya sekolah untuk menghasilkan barang atau jasa yang akan dijual untuk mendapatkan keuntungan secara optimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui strategi pengembangan unit produksi, faktor-faktor apa saja yang menghambat, faktor-faktor apa saja yang mendukung. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data adalah observasi, wawancara, dan studi dokumentasi. Subjek Penelitian adalah 1 (orang) kepala sekolah  dan 1 orang  wakil humas kepala sekolah dan ketua program keahlian. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa, 1) program kewirausahaan (unit produksi )  dan dapat diketahui arah program. meningkatkan kinerja guru dengan perencanaan kegiatan unit produksi yang baik didalamnya tenaga kerja terleksi, sesuai tupoksi kerja, dan kebutuhan kegiatan unit produksi terpenuhi dengan menyusun program kegiatan unit produksi, membuat promosi kegiatan unit produksi dan dapat diketahui arah program. 2) Pelaksanaan unit produksi dapat  meningkat ketrampilan  siswa. 3) Sumber daya manusia sesuai dengan bidang studi produktif dan memilih siwa dengan sistem blog riley yang terlibat dalam unit produksi. 4) Tindak lanjut menjaga produk yang dihasilkan agar punya kualitas dengan system quality control (QC). 5) Faktor penghambat dalam pelaksanaan unit produksi adalah keterbatasan sdm bidang promosi pembelajaran, sehingga sering terjebak dengan pola pada program keahlian tertentu saja.Kata Kunci:  Unit Produksi, Mutu Pendidikan dan Kemandiria

Health related quality of life of obese adolescents in Kuwait

Obesity impairs health related quality of life (HRQL) in adolescents, but most evidence in this area has mostly come from western societies. We wanted to test the hypothesis that obesity impairs HRQL in Kuwaiti adolescents, and to test for differences in HRQL assessed by self-report and parent-proxy report. In 500 Kuwaiti 10-14 year olds HRQL was assessed using the Peds QL (TM) with both adolescent self-reports (n = 500) and parent-proxy reports (n = 374). Obesity was not significantly associated with HRQL in regression analysis. In a paired comparison of 98 pairs of obese adolescents vs. 98 healthy weight peers, impairment of HRQL reached significance only for physical score (95% CI = -1.5, -9.4), not for psychosocial score or total score. In a paired comparison of parent-proxy vs. self-reports for the obese adolescents, total score (95% CI = -4.9, -10.9), physical score (95% CI = -3.2, -11.0), and psychosocial score (95% CI = -4.2, -10.8) were all significantly lower in the parent reports. Obesity is not associated with marked impairment of HRQL in adolescents in Kuwait, in contrast to studies in western societies. This may reflect cultural differences in attitudes towards obesity

Selective Optical Control of Synaptic Transmission in the Subcortical Visual Pathway by Activation of Viral Vector-Expressed Halorhodopsin

The superficial layer of the superior colliculus (sSC) receives visual inputs via two different pathways: from the retina and the primary visual cortex. However, the functional significance of each input for the operation of the sSC circuit remains to be identified. As a first step toward understanding the functional role of each of these inputs, we developed an optogenetic method to specifically suppress the synaptic transmission in the retino-tectal pathway. We introduced enhanced halorhodopsin (eNpHR), a yellow light-sensitive, membrane-targeting chloride pump, into mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by intravitreously injecting an adeno-associated virus serotype-2 vector carrying the CMV-eNpHR-EYFP construct. Several weeks after the injection, whole-cell recordings made from sSC neurons in slice preparations revealed that yellow laser illumination of the eNpHR-expressing retino-tectal axons, putatively synapsing onto the recorded cells, effectively inhibited EPSCs evoked by electrical stimulation of the optic nerve layer. We also showed that sSC spike activities elicited by visual stimulation were significantly reduced by laser illumination of the sSC in anesthetized mice. These results indicate that photo-activation of eNpHR expressed in RGC axons enables selective blockade of retino-tectal synaptic transmission. The method established here can most likely be applied to a variety of brain regions for studying the function of individual inputs to these regions

The spontaneous release of a high-molecular-weight aggregate containing immunoglobulin G from the surface of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells

The spontaneous release of tumor cell antigens from the cell surface into the circulation has been proposed as a mechanism whereby tumors may escape the immune response of the host. In this study we have found that Ehrlich ascites tumor cells after removal from the host (mouse) spontaneously release significant amounts of cell surface components during incubation for 1 h in cold isotonic buffer. Immunodiffusion studies revealed that immunoglobulin G (IgG) and a complement component (C3) are included in this spontaneously released material. These surface-bound humoral immune components are apparently released in the form of a high-molecular-weight aggregate (cell coat particle) as shown by ultracentrifugation and ultrafiltration experiments. Precipitation of IgG from the cell coat particle preparation with antibodies directed against mouse IgG followed by detergent gel electrophoresis of the immune precipitate revealed five major bands in addition to the heavy and light chains of IgG. These results suggest that host IgG is tightly bound to several other components at the cell surface, perhaps in the form of immune complexes. IgG is localized on the tumor cell surface in a highly heterogeneous pattern with the appearance of patches and caps in some cells as shown by immuno-fluorescence analysis. The possibility that humoral immune components bind to the tumor cell surface and result in the shedding of high-molecular-weight aggregates of cell surface antigens into extracellular fluids is discussed.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/38207/1/400090311_ftp.pd

Topical use of MMC in the upper aerodigestive tract: a review on the side effects

Not much is known about the side effects of mitomycin C (MMC), an anti-fibrogenetic agent, in the upper aerodigestive tract. However, its use in ophthalmology is widely known and without quantitatively important side effects. A literature review was performed for side effects of MMC in the upper aerodigestive tract. Forty-six articles, describing the use of MMC to prevent scarring, were retracted from PubMed. Thirty-two are human studies. MMC is used in different concentrations (0.1–10 mg/ml) with different application times (2–5 min) and frequencies (up to 4 times). Five hundred and thirty-eight patients were included in those publications, of whom 19 developed side effects (3.53%). No side effects developed in studies, where post-application irrigation with saline was reported. The longest mean follow-up period is 75.5 months. Direct relations between the reported side effects and MMC seem absent in most studies. Serious complications seem to occur when MMC is used in high concentrations. Unfortunately, sometimes crucial information is lacking. One patient was described who supposedly developed laryngeal carcinoma after repeated treatment of hyperkeratosis and anterior commissure webbing. Animal studies show that excessive fibrin production can lead to acute airway obstruction. In conclusion, topical application of MMC on a wound with consecutive irrigation with saline can be performed safely to prevent scar formation in circular structures of the upper aerodigestive tract. Long-term yearly control of the application site seems advisable