Social enterprise and the individual: an examination of a work-integration social enterprise (WISE) and its impact upon unemployed university graduate’s self-efficacy and attitudes to enterprise

Over the last two decades the failure of traditional work-integration measures to significantly reduce unemployment has led to a rise in the number of WISEs. Borzaga and Loss (2006) reported that WISE interventions had a beneficial impact upon the personal, social and employment skills of those individuals that they engaged. However, such research has so far only measured vaguely defined personal characteristics and more detailed analysis of the individual benefits of WISE interventions are required (Aiken, 2007). Prior psychological research has demonstrated that individuals with elevated levels of self-efficacy will accomplish higher educational achievements and have improved career prospects (Bandura 1977, 1997; Lent et al., 1991). Additionally, Delmar & Davidson (2000) report that self-efficacy has been shown by previous research to be an important component in self-employment as a career choice and thus as an indicator of a positive attitude to enterprise (ATE). This paper reports the results of a longitudinal study that examined a WISE in Northamptonshire cooperating with a local university in order to re-integrate unemployed graduates into the labour-market. The intervention combined studying a Masters level business module and engaging in a work placement, which together were designed to raise participant self-efficacy and ATE. Results reveal the impact of the intervention on participant levels of self-efficacy and ATE. The authors propose that robust and rigorous analysis of the potential positive impacts of WISE interventions utilising relevant academic instruments is important in order to demonstrate the benefits of WISE interventions to policy-maker

CHANG-ES V: Nuclear Radio Outflow in a Virgo Cluster Spiral after a Tidal Disruption Event

We have observed the Virgo Cluster spiral galaxy, NGC~4845, at 1.6 and 6 GHz using the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array, as part of the `Continuum Halos in Nearby Galaxies -- an EVLA Survey' (CHANG-ES). The source consists of a bright unresolved core with a surrounding weak central disk (1.8 kpc diameter). The core is variable over the 6 month time scale of the CHANG-ES data and has increased by a factor of $\approx$ 6 since 1995. The wide bandwidths of CHANG-ES have allowed us to determine the spectral evolution of this core which peaks {\it between} 1.6 and 6 GHz (it is a GigaHertz-peaked spectrum source).We show that the spectral turnover is dominated by synchrotron self-absorption and that the spectral evolution can be explained by adiabatic expansion (outflow), likely in the form of a jet or cone. The CHANG-ES observations serendipitously overlap in time with the hard X-ray light curve obtained by Nikolajuk \& Walter (2013) which they interpret as due to a tidal disruption event (TDE) of a super-Jupiter mass object around a $10^5\, M_\odot$ black hole. We outline a standard jet model, provide an explanation for the observed circular polarization, and quantitatively suggest a link between the peak radio and peak X-ray emission via inverse Compton upscattering of the photons emitted by the relativistic electrons. We predict that it should be possible to resolve a young radio jet via VLBI as a result of this nearby TDE.Comment: 45 pages, 10 figures, accepted July 2, 2015 to the Astrophysical Journa

Racial-group differences in IQ in the Minnesota Transracial Adoption Study: A reply to Levin and

The etiology of racial differences in intelligence and achievement is one of the most heated areas of social science research. In this article, we respond to criticisms by Levin and Lynn of our 1992 follow-up study of IQ and achievement in a sample of transracial adoptees and their families, in particular to their assertion that our results provide strong support for a genetic etiology underlying racial differences in measured intelligence. In that follow-up, as well as in publications from the original study In this article, we address a number of issues raised in Levin's and Lynn's critiques, including the magnitude of adoptee racial-group differences in IQ and achievement, the inclusion of white and Asian/Indian adoptee groups in such analyses, the confounding of important early environmental influences with race differences, the confusion of withingroup and between-group influences on IQ, the regional U.S. differences in AfricanAmerican norms for IQ and achievement, the effects of renormed IQ tests on adoptee group differences, and the nature of the available evidence regarding a genetic hypothesis for racial differences in intelligence. We argue that, contrary to Levin's and Lynn's assertions, results from the Minnesota Transracial Adoption Study provide little or no conclusive evidence for genetic influences underlying racial differences in intelligence and achievement. Racial-group differences in intelligence and achievement are often observed but seldom explained to anyone's satisfaction. A variety of etiological speculations have been offered to explain such differences. These have included environmental factors, such as the pervasive effects of poverty The authors wish to acknowledge the helpful comments of an anonymous reviewer. Correspondence and requests for reprints should be sent t

Ketamine for the treatment of depression in patients receiving hospice care: a retrospective medical record review of thirty-one cases.

BACKGROUND: Depression is prevalent in patients receiving hospice care. Standard antidepressant medications do not work rapidly enough in this setting. Evidence suggests that ketamine rapidly treats treatment refractory depression in the general population. Ketamine׳s role for treating depression in the hospice population warrants further study. METHODS: A retrospective medical record review of 31 inpatients receiving hospice care who received ketamine for depression on a clinical basis was conducted. The primary outcome measure was the Clinical Global Impression Scale, which was used retrospectively to rate subjects׳ therapeutic improvement, global improvement, and side effects from ketamine over 21 days. Additionally, time to onset of therapeutic effect was analyzed. RESULTS: Using the Clinical Global Impression Scale, ketamine was found to be significantly therapeutically effective through the first week after ketamine dosing (p \u3c 0.05), with 93% of patients showing positive results for days 0-3 and 80% for days 4-7 following ketamine dosing. Patients experienced global improvement during all 4 studied time periods following ketamine dosing (p \u3c 0.05). Significantly more patients had either no side effects or side effects that did not significantly impair functioning at each of the 4 assessed time periods following ketamine dosing (p \u3c 0.05). Additionally, significantly more patients experienced their first therapeutic response during days 0-1 following ketamine dosing (p \u3c 0.001) than during any other time period. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that ketamine may be a safe, effective, and rapid treatment for clinical depression in patients receiving hospice care. Blinded, randomized, and controlled trials are required to substantiate these findings and support further clinical use of this medication in hospice settings