The Mora Obstruent /Q/ as an Emphatic in Japanese

Introduction: Modern Japanese (ModJ) is a pitch accent language and its basic unit is the mora. Anaccented mora carries a high tone, with the subsequent mora carrying a low tone. According to Kubozono (1989), morae can, on the basis of this tone distinction, be further subdivided into syllabic and non-syllabic, the former capable of bearing a high tone, the latter not. Non-syllabic morae incapable of bearing a high tone can be further sub-divided into four types (hyphens indicate moraic boundaries): (a) the second mora of a long vowel,e.g. the final mora in /ku-u/\u27, eat\u27; (b) the second mora in a sequence of two vowels, butonly when the high front vowel /i/, e.g. the final mora in /sa-i/\u27, rhinoceros\u27; (c) the moranasal, generally notated in the literature as /N/, e.g. /ka-N-ta-N/, \u27easy\u27; and (d) the mora obstruent, generally notated as /Q/ in the literature, e.g. /wa-Q-tya-Q-ta/, \u27(I\u27ve etc.) gone and smashed (it)\u27. The mora nasal /N/ and the mora obstruent /Q/ may be referred to collectively as the (non-syllabic) mora consonants.The goal of this paper is to examine the role of the mora obstruent /Q/ in expressing emphasis in the modern language and, additionally, to speculate on the accuracy of the belief amongst some scholars that the phoneme\u27s genesis lies in the sound changes triggered by borrowing from Chinese in the late Old Japanese (OJ) and Early Middle Japanese periods. Before doing so, however, I will outline the /Q/ phoneme\u27s distribution within the ModJ phonetic system in §2 below, and then consider the sources of the phoneme in general in §3. The phoneme\u27s role as an emphatic will be discussed in §4

THE HISTORICAL ORTHOGRAPHY OF THE NON-SYLLABIC MORA OBSTRUENT /Q/

Whilst in modern Japanese, in contexts where sinograms are not utilized, the non-syllabic mora obstruent /Q/ is consisterltly Written using minuscule versions of the hana grAphs employed for writing the syllable /tu/, such stability and relative standardization is far from being the norm diachronically. Despite the fact that the /Q/ phoneme probably did exist in Old Japanese to some limited extent, its first orthographic manifestations do not appear until the mid-Heian, where a sudden welter of competing orthographies may be found. In this paper, I will attempt to exemplify the two most frequent amongst these, a so-called unmarked orthography and an orthography that emp1oys the same graphs used to mark the other Japanese non-syllabic mora, the nasal /N/. Additionally, a number of less frequently encountered orthographies will be discussed.

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Mora Obstruent Epenthesis in Loanword Adaptation

Japanese has two major phonological adaptation strategies for loanwords: phonic substitution and epenthesis. The second of these, epenthesis, refers to the insertion of additional phonemes by the borrowing language and, in the case of Japanese, may be further divided into vowel epenthesis and epenthesis of the mora obstruent /Q/. This latter form of epenthesis will be examined in detail in this paper

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