Doing with faith

Studies and observations

Boundary conditions for the paleoenvironment: Chemical and physical processes in the pre-solar nebula

Detailed study of the first interstellar hydrocarbon ring, cyclopropenylidene (C3H2), is continuing. The singly deuterated isotope of this molecule, C3HD, was observed in several cold interstellar clouds. The results of a large survey for C3H2 in galactic sources of various types will soon be completed. It appears that cyclopropenylidene is present in virtually all interstellar clouds of at least moderate density. In order to make the first determinations of the CO2/CO abundance ratio in interstellar sources, observations of protonated CO2 were pursued. The spectrum from 18.5 to 22 GHz for several interstellar clouds is being systematically measured. Particular attention is being given to the cold, dark clouds TMC-1 and L124N, which may be formation sites for solar mass stars. The phenomena of maser emission from molecules of methanol is being studied in certain interstellar clouds. A comparison of 1 millimeter continuum emission from dust with the column density of carbon monoxide as determined from the rare C(18)O isotope for 4 molecular clouds in the Galaxy is nearing completion. Papers published during the period of this report are listed

Boundary conditions for the paleoenvironment: Chemical and physical processes in the pre-solar nebula

The first interstellar hydrocarbon ring, cyclopropenylidene (C3H2) is being studied. Both a survey of galactic sources in several C3H2 transitions and a more detailed study of a subset of these sources are under way. In the latter category is a study of the nearby cold dark cloud TMC-1, which is a potential formation site for solar type stars. A spectra is shown of seven rotational transitions which have been observed at the Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory. Three of these were detected for the first time in any astronomical source: the 3 sub 30 to 2 sub 21 transition at 216 GHz, the 2 sub 21 to 1 sub 10 transition at 122 GHz, and the 1 sub 11 to 0 sub 00 transition at 52 GHz. From the data it is apparent that C3H2 is quite spacially extended in typical interstellar molecular clouds, and that at least in TMC-1 it is one of the most abundant organic molecules

Boundary conditions for the paleoenvironment: Chemical and physical processes in the pre-solar nebula

Two additional hyperfine components of the interstellar radical C3H were detected. In addition, methanol was discovered in interstellar clouds. The abundance of HCCN and various chemical isomers in molecular clouds was investigated

Studies of radiative transfer in planetary atmospheres

Progress is reported in modeling cometary emission in the 18-cm OH transition with specific application and predictions for Comet Halley. Radiative transfer is also being studied in rough and porous media. The kinematics of the cold, dark interstellar cloud Li34N were examined, and CO monitoring of Venus and Mars continues. Analysis of 3.4 mm maps of the lunar surface shows thermal anomalies associated with such surface features as the Crater Copernicus, Mare Imbrium, Mare Nubium, Mare Serenitatis, and Mare Tranquillatis

Studies of radiative transfer in planetary atmospheres

The research emphasis during the period of this report has been on radio observations of comets, related to the International Halley Watch. Observations of the 18 cm lambda-doublet of OH have been carried out monthly. Both of the 1667 and 1665 MHz lines have been repeatedly detected for Comets Halley, Giacobini-Zinner, Thiele, and Hartley-Good. The first astronomical detection of the weak satellite line at 1720 MHz was made for P/Halley. These data promise to supply the highest signal-to-noise-ratio data over an extended period ever obtained for cometary radio observations. Analysis will provide gas production rates as a function of heliocentric distance and allow for detailed comparisons with the OH excitation model involving ultraviolet pumping. In the case of Halley, the lines appear quite symmetric, usually being centered within 0.1 km/s with respect to the nominal nuclear velocity. Line widths have been typically within 10% of 2 km/s. There is thus little evidence for asymmetric emission in the data obtained to date. It seems likely that non-steady-state models of the coma will be required to interpret the data. Evidence for significant departures from the LTE hyperfine ratios was found for Comet Giacobini-Zinner. Smaller, but nonetheless significant, deviations have been found for Comet Halley

Studies of radiative transfer in planetary atmospheres

Schloerb and Claussen continued their analysis of the very high quality data set obtained on the 18 centimeter OH line from the Comet P/Halley with the NRAO 43 meter antenna. The high spectral resolution (0.22 km/sec) and high signal-to-noise of the OH spectra make them ideal for the study of kinematics in the coma. Synthetic profiles were initiated for comparison with the data. A vectorial model was developed using the Monte Carlo techniques originated by Combi and Delsemme. Analysis of the millimeter wavelength observations of HCN emission from P/Halley obtained throughout much of the recent apparition were continued using the University of Massachusetts 14 millimeter-wavelength (FCRAO) antenna. A detailed analysis of the HCN lineshpaes was performed over the last six months. The excitation of HCN in the coma was studied to obtain a detailed match to the observed spectra. The passive millimeter wave radiometer was used to probe the physical and chemical nature of comets from spacecraft. Work was continued on an improved theory of radiative transfer for rough and porous surfaces, such as the regoliths of satellites, asteroids, and comets

The Trend of Financing Urban Property

This thesis is intended as a survey of terns in financing urban property. Urban property as construed by this study includes all incorporated cities, towns, and villages. This interpretation is used firstly, in order that a more complete analysis might be pictured, and secondly, because investments in property are not necessarily restricted because of the number of inhabitants in a particular town or city

Moral agency and faith: A construal of Luther

The purpose of this essay is to identify aspects of Martin Luther’s view of moral agency and action. The study focuses on themes originating in the Treatise on Good Works, particularly the exposition of the Third Commandment: Thou shalt hallow the holy day. Here, the author presents the paradigmatic example of the experience of a participant in the liturgy of mass. The example shows that moral reflection about agency and action is inextricably linked, first, to the consciousness of the worshipper, second, to language—the use of metaphors, images and descriptive words—and third, to the normative, that is, a knowledge of the good. Moral change is a basic feature of Luther’s view of moral agency and moral reflection; it is construed as a transition from one state of consciousness or quality of mind to another such that moral life may be depicted under the metaphors of ‘pilgrimage’ or ‘journey.’ Applied to Luther’s example, this means that the one participating in the liturgical action of mass undergoes a progressive change through a sequence of states and qualities of mind. Unique to Luther’s view is the dominant role is explicated using a performative model to identify the several elements of faith including the related notions of cognition and volition. So construed, faith signals Luther’s attempt to identify a normative understanding of moral change at the heart of his theory of moral reflection. It does so by showing the development of faith through a series of gradations in levels of moral and spiritual awareness. As a person moves through this continuum there is a correlative and growing awareness of deception and reality, truth and falsity, good and evil as one seeks, struggles, learns and discovers. Moral life is thus envisaged as a process in which cognition and volition in the work of attention interact as the individual undergoes a process of education in faith. It is a process that moves toward a telos that Luther regards as a union of faith and love, eucharistia, and contextualized in an example of the marital relationship. While Luther’s understanding of moral-spiritual change is correlative with the development of a moral psychology, it is crucial to note that central to that psychology is the claim that the moral agent is enveloped in original sin construed as a destructive egoism which pits itself against any or all moral development. For the author of the Treatise on Good Works, the remedial strategies to address this are central in the struggle for Christian moral life, and they involve a serious attentiveness to powerful images as well as the repeated discipline of training known as askesis

A Vitamin C Study of Malay Schoolboys in the Coastal Region of North Perak, Malaya

Malay schoolboys in the coastal region of Perak were investigated as to the presence of vitamin C deficiency. Although the subjects were drawn from that part of the population of Malaya most prone to this deficiency, only a few showed subnormal excretions of ascorbic acid in the urine. Few of the abnormal clinical signs noted in the boys could be attributed to lack of the vitamin. Special tests for detecting vitamin C deficiency did not give satisfactory results