The Putative Role Of Fatty Acids In The Activation Of Trehalose Synthesis In The Fat Body Of The Cockroach Periplaneta Americana L

Hypertrehalosemic hormones produced by the corpus cardiacum increase the concentration of several fatty acids in cockroach fat body trophocytes. The phospholipase A{dollar}\sb2{dollar} (PLA{dollar}\sb2){dollar} activator melittin has a similar effect. The fatty acids include palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acid. The hormone mediated release of these fatty acids is blocked by the PLA{dollar}\sb2{dollar} inhibitors mepacrine and {dollar}\rho{dollar}-bromophenacyl bromide. These observations suggest that hormonal release of fatty acids, may be due to the activation of PLA{dollar}\sb2.{dollar};The increase in non-esterified fatty acids appears to be linked to the increase in trehalose efflux since sugar efflux is stimulated by stearic, oleic, linoleic and arachidonic acid. The increase in intracellular free fatty acids is also correlated with the activation of phosphorylase, the rate limiting step in trehalose synthesis.;This study is the first to show that conversion of linoleic acid to arachidonic acid is stimulated by the hypertrehalosemic hormones. The data suggest that the effect of arachidonic acid and its metabolites are dependent on an increase in production of linoleic, and possibly other fatty acids, which are converted into arachidonic acid.;The cyclooxygenase inhibitors indomethacin and diclofenac are effective inhibitors of hormone activated trehalose efflux. This indicates the importance of the arachidonic acid metabolite pathway in the activation of trehalose efflux. Stimulation of trehalose efflux by prostaglandin-like metabolites from trophocyte homogenate challenged with hormone and also by prostaglandin F{dollar}\sb{lcub}2\alpha{rcub}{dollar} and A{dollar}\sb2{dollar} also suggests that arachidonic acid metabolites are involved in hormonal stimulation of trehalose efflux from the trophocytes. This is one of the first studies to demonstrate a link between a specific physiological function, hormonal activation of trehalose efflux, and the prostglandins.;Trehalose efflux is inhibited by the lipoxygenase inhibitor, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA). Unlike the cyclooxygenase inhibitors, NDGA appears to have a potent inhibitory effect on PLA{dollar}\sb2{dollar} since it also inhibits production of fatty acids. Inhibition of trehalose efflux by NDGA may be due to the inhibition of fatty acid production rather than inhibition of lipoxygenase.;A novel discovery in this study was the potent inhibitory effect of fatty acids, particularly linoleic and arachidonic acid, on the trehalose-6-phosphatase reaction. The concentration of fatty acid required to produce 50 percent inhibition is within the range expected to occur in vivo. The results suggest that trehalose-6-phosphatase may be a key step in the regulation of trehalose efflux from the trophocyte to the hemolymph

Impacts of Climate Change on the Health of Older People in District Nowshera- Pakistan

The study was carried out in district Nowshera  in 2017, in order to examine the effects of  climate change  on the health of older people . The Universe of the study was District Nowshera which consist of three tehsil namely Phabbi, Nowshera and Jehangira while in the first stage purposively two tehsil Phabbi and Nowshera  were selected on the basis of more climate affection. On the same methodology in the second stage villages Kheshgi Bala and Cant union councils were selected from Nowshera  while Mohib Banda, Pashtung Ghari and Jabba Khansa were chosen from tehsil Phabbi. The number of total respondents were 117 in the total villages   while   number of male was 54 and women  was 63. The data was collected through focused group discussion, Key Informant interview and consultation meeting with Elder people of the study area. The results indicate that climate change has severely affected the health of the older people which cause multiple disease such as Heart, Skin irritation, Malaria infection, respiratory infection, diarrhea,psychological disorder, dengue and dehydration which was not severe as compared to  20 years ago in the study area. The climate has changed the temperature, which has affected the rain pattern annually in the study area and disturbs the ecosystem for all living organism in district Nowshera.  Mosquito, heat stress, flood and degradation of the land, deforestation and population pressure problems were observed in the study area. On the basis of problems the following recommendations were suggested for future control measurement. More plantation strategy should be applied for soil erosion because through soil erosion the more mud come into the river which fulfill river from mud which increase the chances of flood in the rainy season which  push community destruction in the study area. Cleanness of the river is required and community should be also informed through awareness program to not put plastic bags in the river which block the river water and cause the flood. Drainage system should be developed in the study area. Health services should be provided for control of diseases measurement.  Transportation system should be developed for the facilitation of marketing which play key role in pushing the economy of the study area. Similarly older people women and men should be facilitated in a proper way in District Nowshera. Keywords: - Climate, Impact, Older People, Health, District Nowshera DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/57-01 Publication date: August 31st 201

Impacts of Climate Change on Social Life of Older People in District Nowshera- Pakistan

The study was carried out in district Nowshera  in 2017, in order to examine the effects of  climate change  on social life of older people . The Universe of the study was District Nowshera which consist of three tehsil namely Phabbi, Nowshera and Jehangira while in the first stage purposively two tehsil Phabbi and Nowshera  were selected on the basis of more climate affection. On the same methodology in the second stage villages Kheshgi Bala and Cant union councils were selected from Nowshera  while Mohib Banda, Pashtung Ghari and Jabba Khansa were chosen from tehsil Phabbi on the same analogy. The number of  respondents were 117 in the selected villages   while   number of male was 54 and women  was 63. The data was collected through focused group discussion, Key Informant interview and consultation meeting with older people of the study area. The results indicate that climate change has affected the pattern of the rainfall and flood and temperature which has disturbed the social life of the older people. The flood has destroyed the land and houses which affected the livelihood of the younger people, so the yournger for the purpose of their livelihood left their houses from district Nowshera and left older people at their home for care of the families. The look after responsibilities fell on older people shoulder which latter on affect their health. Government has arranged different programs for helping the communities while the poor older people of the communities have no access to these programs and the rich old people get the benefit of the program very easily due to their good approaches. Load shedding is the serious problems which affect the function of the fans and AC. Due to fans and AC the mosquitoes at night disturb the older people sleepiness which make the environment unfavorable for the older people which latter on affect their health and daily activities. Crimes and poverty also increased, lack of livelihood in the study area.  On the basis of problems credit should be provided to older people for their financial problems on free interest basis from the bank. Safety network should be established in the study area for solving the problems. Rescue team should be arranged for emergency problems of the older people in the study area. Health services should be facilitated in the study area for older people for social life improvement. Keywords: - Climate, Impact, Social Life,  Older People,  District Nowshera DOI: 10.7176/DCS/9-4-03 Publication date: April 30th 201

Biological Importance of Essential Oils

Essential oils are the volatile compounds having the oily fragrance. Essential oils are obtained from the different plant parts, and they are extracted from the different techniques and the most preferable method of extraction is the hydrodistillation which is cheap and easy to use. Plant parts including the flowers, leaves, stem, bark and roots are used for the isolation of essential oils. Essential oils are used in almost every field of life and because of these characteristics, the market of essential oils is growing rapidly. Essential oils are used in the aromatherapy and act as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, pain relievers, anxiety, depression. In the field of cosmetics and industries, the essential oils are used rapidly and mostly used in the perfume industries which are growing increasingly. Essential oils are used in the food preservations and many food items. Essential oils are used as the folk herbal medicines and their fragrance is used for the improvement of the mood and as the depression release

The horns of dilemma: Life or sovereignty

Death and dying are the bitter truth that is faced by every person inevitably. Paying respect to the decision of a patient in a hospital setting is always a challenging task. In eastern countries, family plays an important role in decision making. But it always overrides the preferences and wishes of the patient and this leads to violation of ethical principles such as autonomy, informed consent and veracity. Looking a situation from different paradigms and deciding the best solution on the ground of ethical principles should be the utmost priority of the healthcare provider

Improving Frequency Reuse and Cochannel Interference Coordination in 4G HetNets

This report describes my M.A.Sc. thesis research work. The emerging 4th generation (4G) mobile systems and networks (so called 4G HetNets) are designed as multilayered cellular topology with a number of asymmetrically located, asymmetrically powered, self-organizing, and user-operated indoor small cell (e.g., pico/femto cells and WLANs) with a variety of cell architectures that are overlaid by a large cell (macro cell) with some or all interfering wireless links. These designs of 4G HetNets bring new challenges such as increased dynamics of user mobility and data traffic trespassing over the multi-layered cell boundaries. Traditional approaches of radio resource allocation and inter-cell (cochannel) interference management that are mostly centralized and static in the network core and are carried out pre-hand by the operator in 3G and lower cellular technologies, are liable to increased signaling overhead, latencies, complexities, and scalability issues and, thus, are not viable in case of 4G HetNets. In this thesis a comprehensive research study is carried out on improving the radio resource sharing and inter-cell interference management in 4G HetNets. The solution strategy exploits dynamic and adaptive channel allocation approaches such as dynamic and opportunistic spectrum access (DSA, OSA) techniques, through exploiting the spatiotemporal diversities among transmissions in orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) based medium access in 4G HetNets. In this regards, a novel framework named as Hybrid Radio Resource Sharing (HRRS) is introduced. HRRS comprises of these two functional modules: Cognitive Radio Resource Sharing (CRRS) and Proactive Link Adaptation (PLA) scheme. A dynamic switching algorithm enables CRRS and PLA modules to adaptively invoke according to whether orthogonal channelization is to be carried out exploiting the interweave channel allocation (ICA) approach or non-orthogonal channelization is to be carried out exploiting the underlay channel allocation (UCA) approach respectively when relevant conditions regarding the traffic demand and radio resource availability are met. Benefits of CRRS scheme are identified through simulative analysis in comparison to the legacy cochannel and dedicated channel deployments of femto cells respectively. The case study and numerical analysis for PLA scheme is carried out to understand the dynamics of threshold interference ranges as function of transmit powers of MBS and FBS, relative ranges of radio entities, and QoS requirement of services with the value realization of PLA scheme.1 yea

Methyl 5-chloro-2-hydr­oxy-3-(4-methoxy­phen­yl)-4,6-dimethyl­benzoate

In the title compound, C17H17ClO4, the dihedral angle between the mean planes of the two benzene rings is 65.92 (5)°. The methyl ester group lies within the ring plane [deviations of O atoms from the plane = −0.051 (2) and 0.151 (2) Å] due to an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond. In the crystal, mol­ecules are held together by rather weak non-classical inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, resulting in dimeric units about inversion centers, forming eight- and ten-membered ring systems as R 2 2(8) and R 2 2(10) motifs