Estudio de las rizobacterias del suelo de la taiga de Chernevaya en Siberia occidental y su posible efecto sobre el crecimiento de las plantas

El aislamiento de bacterias del suelo de varios ambientes con tasas de fertilidad excepcionalmente altas representa una oportunidad para identificar agentes prometedores para promover la producción agrícola. El objetivo del artículo es estudiar las densidades de bacterias cultivables y aislar bacterias de la rizosfera del rábano y el trigo de primavera. Las plantas se cultivaron en el experimento en maceta con suelo Chernevaya virgen, que poseía una productividad extraordinaria, y suelo forestal zonal que no demostró características similares. Se purificaron cincuenta y nueve aislados bacterianos y se evaluaron sus efectos beneficiosos sobre el crecimiento temprano del trigo. Los aislados pertenecían a los filos Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria y Firmicutes, y los géneros más representados fueron Pseudomonas , Streptomyces , Paenibacillus y Methylobacterium . Estas bacterias dominantes se utilizaron en estudios de inoculación de plantas. Las cepas promovieron un aumento significativo en la longitud y biomasa de los brotes y las raíces, por lo que pueden considerarse rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento de las plantas [PGPR]. En cuanto a los ensayos de biotest, se seleccionaron cepas que mostraron altas capacidades de promoción del crecimiento de las plantas [PGP] para una mayor investigación. Este estudio contribuyó a aislar bacterias de un entorno natural único con potencial biotecnológico para mejorar el crecimiento de las plantas y mostró potencia para ser explotadas como bioinoculantes

Genome-Wide Mycobacterium tuberculosis Variation (GMTV) Database: A New Tool for Integrating Sequence Variations and Epidemiology

Background Tuberculosis (TB) poses a worldwide threat due to advancing multidrug-resistant strains and deadly co-infections with Human immunodeficiency virus. Today large amounts of Mycobacterium tuberculosis whole genome sequencing data are being assessed broadly and yet there exists no comprehensive online resource that connects M. tuberculosis genome variants with geographic origin, with drug resistance or with clinical outcome. Description Here we describe a broadly inclusive unifying Genome-wide Mycobacterium tuberculosis Variation (GMTV) database, (http://mtb.dobzhanskycenter.org) that catalogues genome variations of M. tuberculosis strains collected across Russia. GMTV contains a broad spectrum of data derived from different sources and related to M. tuberculosis molecular biology, epidemiology, TB clinical outcome, year and place of isolation, drug resistance profiles and displays the variants across the genome using a dedicated genome browser. GMTV database, which includes 1084 genomes and over 69,000 SNP or Indel variants, can be queried about M. tuberculosis genome variation and putative associations with drug resistance, geographical origin, and clinical stages and outcomes. Conclusions Implementation of GMTV tracks the pattern of changes of M. tuberculosis strains in different geographical areas, facilitates disease gene discoveries associated with drug resistance or different clinical sequelae, and automates comparative genomic analyses among M. tuberculosis strains

Chronic Overexpression of Bradykinin in Kidney Causes Polyuria and Cardiac Hypertrophy

Acute intra-renal infusion of bradykinin increases diuresis and natriuresis via inhibition of vasopressin activity. However, the consequences of chronically increased bradykinin in the kidneys have not yet been studied. A new transgenic animal model producing an excess of bradykinin by proximal tubular cells (KapBK rats) was generated and submitted to different salt containing diets to analyze changes in blood pressure and other cardiovascular parameters, urine excretion, and composition, as well as levels and expression of renin-angiotensin system components. Despite that KapBK rats excrete more urine and sodium, they have similar blood pressure as controls with the exception of a small increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP). However, they present decreased renal artery blood flow, increased intrarenal expression of angiotensinogen, and decreased mRNA expression of vasopressin V1A receptor (AVPR1A), suggesting a mechanism for the previously described reduction of renal vasopressin sensitivity by bradykinin. Additionally, reduced heart rate variability (HRV), increased cardiac output and frequency, and the development of cardiac hypertrophy are the main chronic effects observed in the cardiovascular system. In conclusion: (1) the transgenic KapBK rat is a useful model for studying chronic effects of bradykinin in kidney; (2) increased renal bradykinin causes changes in renin angiotensin system regulation; (3) decreased renal vasopressin sensitivity in KapBK rats is related to decreased V1A receptor expression; (4) although increased renal levels of bradykinin causes no changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP), it causes reduction in HRV, augmentation in cardiac frequency and output and consequently cardiac hypertrophy in rats after 6 months of age

Economic thought in scholasticism

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Some Landmarks on the Prohibition of Usury inScholastic Economic Thought: What Was at Stake and How Did It Promote Theoretical Reasoning?

International audienceTheorizing interest in Scholastic economic thought can be viewed as a by-product of the debates on the doctrine of usury. This also highlights the main difficulty encountered in its restitution: we have to separate positive and normative statements and, at the same time, explain how and why they were embedded. Our contention is that Schoolmen did have explanations of a possible difference between the amount lent and the amount paid back by the borrower to the lender: this is for the “theory of interest” side. However, on moral grounds, all these explanations were not equally acceptable: this stands for the “doctrine of usury” side. During this long thirteenth, the explanations given for the difference between the money lent and the money paid back looked very much like those we are familiar with today: they favoured, not exclusively, time preference, technical productivity, risk-taking, liquidity preference, and negotiation power. Nonetheless, from a moral point of view, at least one of them was clearly not admissible: the use of greater power in negotiation in order to obtain this difference, which today we would naturally view as interest. However, a special difficulty in understanding the debates between Schoolmen arises from the fact that the mere existence of interest does not show how it should be explained. Whereas the dismissal of the explanation based on the money loan itself, as presented by Thomas Aquinas in the Summa Theologica, deserves attention, it allows other explanations, which show the relevance of the idea of an opportunity cost linked to a loan through the emergence of extrinsic titles. The creditor and the debtor might know what the correct explanation is, but the moralist – that is, a priest or a judge at an ecclesiastical court – does not.Such a perspective, which views the problem faced by the moralist as a variant of a classical asymmetric information problem, constitutes an efficient reading guide for controversies which ran throughout this period. The acknowledged existence of substitutes for interest loans called for an appropriate criterion to ensure that the income perceived by the lender is non-usurious – hence the focus on property and risk-bearing. The various positions of the Schoolmen regarding money loans can therefore be understood as so many attempts to avoid the committing of a major sin, and to obtain the relevant information on the actual interpretation of interest which should prevail

Theorizing Interest: How Did It All Begin? Some Landmarks on the Prohibition of Usury in the Scholastic Economic Thought

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Экономическая мысль средневековой Европы

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Agricultural Crops Grown in Laboratory Conditions on Chernevaya Taiga Soil Demonstrate Unique Composition of the Rhizosphere Microbiota

Chernevaya taiga in West Siberia is a unique environment, with gigantism of grasses and shrubs. Exceptionally high productivity of plants is determined by the synergistic interaction of various factors, with a special role belonging to microorganisms colonizing the plant roots. This research explored whether agricultural plants can recruit specific microorganisms from within virgin Chernevaya Umbrisol and thus increase their productivity. Radish and wheat plants were grown on the Umbrisol (T1) and control Retisol of Scotch pine forest stand (T3) soils in the phytotron, and then a bacterial community analysis of the rhizosphere was performed using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes. In laboratory experiments, the plant physiological parameters were significantly higher when growing on the Umbrisol as compared to the Retisol. Bacterial diversity in T1 soil was considerably higher than in the control sample, and the principal coordinate analysis demonstrated apparent differences in the bacterial communities associated with the plants. Agricultural plants growing in the T1 soil form specific prokaryotic communities, with dominant genera Chthoniobacter, Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Massilia. These communities also include less abundant but essential for plant growth nitrifiers Cand. Nitrosocosmius and Nitrospira, and representatives of Proteobacteria, Bacilli, and Actinobacteria, known to be gibberellin-producers